{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T13:14:48Z","timestamp":1792761288006,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the absence of interventions, 30\u201345% of exposed infants acquire human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV\u20101) through mother\u2010to\u2010child transmission. It remains unclear why some infants become infected while others do not, despite significant exposure to HIV\u20101 <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>, during delivery and while breastfeeding. Here we discuss the correlates of vertical transmission with an emphasis on factors that increase maternal HIV\u20101 levels, either systemically or locally in genital secretions and breast milk. Immune responses may influence maternal viral load, and data suggest that maternal neutralising antibodies reduce infection rates. In addition, infants may be capable of mounting HIV\u2010specific cellular immune responses. We propose that both humoral and cellular responses are necessary to reduce infection because cell\u2010free as well as cell\u2010associated virus appears to play a role in vertical transmission. These distinct forms of the virus may be targeted most effectively by different components of the immune system. We also discuss the use of antiretrovirals to reduce transmission, focusing on the mechanisms of action of regimens currently used in developing country settings. We conclude that prevention relies not only on reducing maternal HIV\u20101 levels within blood, genital tract and breast milk, but also on pre\u2010 and\/or post\u2010exposure prophylaxis to the infant. However, HIV\u20101 has the capacity to mutate under drug pressure and rapidly acquires mutations conferring antiretroviral resistance. This review concludes with data on persistence of low\u2010level resistance after delivery as well as recent guidelines for maternal and infant regimens designed to limit resistance. Copyright \u00a9 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T12:17:22Z","timestamp":1180700242000},"page":"381-403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Biological mechanisms of vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV\u20101) transmission"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dara A.","family":"Lehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carey","family":"Farquhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS.UNAIDS: AIDS epidemic update.http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/pub\/EpiReport\/2006\/2006_EpiUpdate_en.pdf. [December2006]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00716.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162033485140"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02415-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411033311801"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.9.1175"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200402010-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200101010-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200109280-00015"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200008150-00001","article-title":"Early diagnosis of HIV\u20101\u2010infected infants in Thailand using RNA and DNA PCR assays sensitive to non\u2010B subtypes","volume":"24","author":"Young NL","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199803000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200007070-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90349-A"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Simian immunodeficiency virus infection via amniotic fluid: a model to study fetal immunopathogenesis and prophylaxis","volume":"6","author":"Fazely F","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00405-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/431604"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.4.583"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.5.1134"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314542"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.10.4780-4791.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.5.1721"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1996.12.925"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.275.8.599"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199611283352201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908053410601"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908053410602"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199902250-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.9.1167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200106150-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91683-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/508996"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.41","article-title":"The burden of co\u2010infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria in pregnant women in sub\u2010saharan Africa","volume":"71","author":"ter Kuile FO","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199507000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379737"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70383-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-199912010-00009","article-title":"Placental membrane inflammation and risks of maternal\u2010to\u2010child transmission of HIV\u20101 in Uganda","volume":"22","author":"Wabwire\u2010Mangen F","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200203010-00006"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500220039023","article-title":"Risk for perinatal HIV\u20101 transmission according to maternal immunologic, virologic, and placental factors","volume":"269","author":"St Louis ME","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05477.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000244206.41500.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000232240.05545.08"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000191283.85578.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000164247.49098.0e"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367706"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317918"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200307250-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/431514"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/323153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000248352.18007.1f"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000251511.27725.5c"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200404150-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200212060-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000185917.90004.7c"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200102160-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92297-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70365-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/377584"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904013401301"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/420834"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374272"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425076"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374273"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200008010-00006","article-title":"Cell\u2010free virus in breast milk of HIV\u20101\u2010seropositive women","volume":"24","author":"Pillay K","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513816"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000237370.49241.dc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200302140-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157016205774370393"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.22.607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462053420248"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200110010-00004","article-title":"Feeding mode, intestinal permeability, and neopterin excretion: a longitudinal study in infants of HIV\u2010infected South African women","volume":"28","author":"Rollins NC","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334405279251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2003.02292.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1369"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108170-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381661a0"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_84_2","first-page":"123","article-title":"Physiological secretion of chemokines in human breast milk","volume":"9","author":"Michie CA","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.8755-8920.2000.440608.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05484.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.1997.tb00377.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/343805"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.00426-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199912240-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/517435"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02658-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.2.835-844.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503778"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314886"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.272.6.467"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199311002-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70198-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2002.01174.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1998.14.475"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568005054201580"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91210-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199407000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06580.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3975","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.5.3975-3985.1999","article-title":"Frequent detection of escape from cytotoxic T\u2010lymphocyte recognition in perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 transmission: the ariel project for the prevention of transmission of HIV from mother to infant","volume":"73","author":"Wilson CC","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.18.12100-12105.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.12.7524"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379374"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.15.7365-7373.2002"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_1_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.7.4355","article-title":"Protective role of beta\u2010chemokines associated with HIV\u2010specific Th responses against perinatal HIV transmission","volume":"162","author":"Wasik TJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498163"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000237363.33994.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_2","article-title":"Salivary HIV\u20101\u2010specific IgA in HIV\u20101\u2010exposed infants in Kenya","author":"Farquhar C","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200101050-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199311000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69159-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376838"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000179424.19413.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1990.6.1433"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/426829"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1992.tb03031.x"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_1_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6359","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.9.6359-6372.1997","article-title":"Placental trophoblasts resist infection by multiple human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 variants even with cytomegalovirus coinfection but support HIV replication after provirus transfection","volume":"71","author":"Kilani RT","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1992.8.1683"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.4.2102-2107.1991","article-title":"Human transformed trophoblast\u2010derived cells lacking CD4 receptor exhibit restricted permissiveness for human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"65","author":"Zachar V","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.4.978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E05-03-0192"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0197-42"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199406000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/344360"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.1.179-190.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200502010-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427287"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)80008-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10411-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10412-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11046-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033500"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_142_2","unstructured":"WHO.Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants: towards universal access. Recommendations for a public health approach.http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/guidelines\/pmtct\/en\/index.html[December2006]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200629060-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318032bbee"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.13.7702-7705.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200003310-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199811123392001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/424569"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000181013.70008.4d"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199903110-00006"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_152_2","first-page":"283","article-title":"Persistence of nevirapine exposure during the postpartum period after intrapartum single\u2010dose nevirapine in addition to zidovudine prophylaxis for the prevention of mother\u2010to\u2010child transmission of HIV\u20101","volume":"38","author":"Cressey TR","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000188428.33280.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/432489"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908053410609"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14538-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000180100.42770.a7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14341-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/432490"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000200290.99790.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gco.0000162178.38231.1d"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200007280-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200110190-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000174656.71276.d6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000194800.43799.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31802b920e"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200402010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430764"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31802b920e"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062876"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_1_172_2","first-page":"215","article-title":"Drug resistance mutations in HIV\u20101","volume":"11","author":"Johnson VA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Top HIV Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_173_2","unstructured":"Standford University HIV Drug Resistance Database.http:\/\/hivdb.stanford.edu\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.3.1660-1666.1994","article-title":"Nevirapine resistance mutations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selected during therapy","volume":"68","author":"Richman DD","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430741"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602033103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000222071.60620.1d"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000221686.67810.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430742"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00449-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_181_2","unstructured":"CoovadiaA MaraisB AbramsE et al.Virologic response to NNRTI treatment among women who took single\u2010dose nevirapine 18 to 36 months earlier.CROI 5\u20138 February2006; Denver Colorado.http:\/\/www.retroconference.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_182_2","unstructured":"EureC BakakiP McConnellM et al.Effectiveness of repeat single\u2010dose nevirapine in subsequent pregnancies among Ugandan women.CROI 5\u20138 February2006; Denver Colorado.http:\/\/www.retroconference.org\/2006\/Abstracts\/26676.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_183_2","unstructured":"MartinsonN EkoueviD GrayG et al.Effectiveness of single\u2010dose nevirapine in consecutive pregnancies in Soweto and Abidjan.CROI 5\u20138 February2005; Denver Colorado.http:\/\/www.retroconference.org\/2006\/Abstracts\/26408.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000214820.26281.df"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_185_2","unstructured":"McIntyreJ MartinsonN GrayG et al.Addition of short course Combivir (CBV) to single dose Viramune (sdNVP) for the prevention of mother to child transmission (pMTCT) of HIV\u20101 can significantly decrease the subsequent development of maternal and paediatric NNRTI\u2010resistant virusThe 3rd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment 2005; Rio de Janeiro Brazil.http:\/\/www.iasociety.org\/abstract\/show.asp?abstract_id=2176901"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499966"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Frmv.543","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.543","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:24:43Z","timestamp":1700007883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"references-count":185,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.543","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}}}