{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:09:44Z","timestamp":1791223784878,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,8]],"date-time":"2008-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tick\u2010borne encephalitis (TBE), the most serious widespread vector\u2010borne disease of humans in Europe, increased from 2\u2010 to 30\u2010fold in many Central and Eastern European countries from 1992 to 1993, coinciding with independence from Soviet rule. Unemployment and low income have been shown in Latvia to be statistically associated with high\u2010risk behaviour involving harvest of wild foods from tick\u2010infested forests, and also with not being vaccinated against TBE. Archival data for 1970\u2010\u20102005 record major changes in the agricultural and industrial sectors, and consequent changes in the abiotic and biotic environment and socio\u2010economic conditions, which could have increased the abundance of infected ticks and the contact of humans with those ticks. For example, abandoned agricultural fields became suitable for rodent transmission hosts; use of pesticides and emissions of atmospheric industrial pollutants plummeted; wildlife hosts for ticks increased; tick populations appear to have responded; unemployment and inequality increased in all countries. These factors, by acting synergistically but differentially between and within each country, can explain the marked spatio\u2010temporal heterogeneities in TBE epidemiology better than can climate change alone, which is too uniform across wide areas. Different degrees of socio\u2010economic upheaval caused by political transition in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia and the Czech Republic can apparently explain the marked variation in TBE upsurge. Causal linkage between national socio\u2010economic conditions and epidemiology is strongly indicated by striking correlations across eight countries between the degree of upsurge of TBE and both poverty and household expenditure on food (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.533 and 0.716, respectively). Copyright \u00a9 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,8]],"date-time":"2008-01-08T16:19:45Z","timestamp":1199809185000},"page":"81-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Socio\u2010economic factors in the differential upsurge of tick\u2010borne encephalitis in central and Eastern Europe"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Dana","family":"\u0160umilo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antra","family":"Bormane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loreta","family":"Asokliene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veera","family":"Vasilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Golovljova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Avsic\u2010Zupanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zdenek","family":"Hubalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0893"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Emerging Pests and Vector\u2010borne Disease in Europe","author":"Randolph SE","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Problems of Restructuring Latvian Economics in the Conditions of New Economics","author":"Neiders L","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(99)80006-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099006083"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004004925"},{"issue":"37","key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Vectors of tick\u2010borne diseases and epidemiological situation in Latvia in 1993\u2010\u20102002","volume":"293","author":"Bormane A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01923553"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515195"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","unstructured":"SKDS MaPORC. 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