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Occult HBV infection has been described not only in patients who have resolved an acute or chronic HBV infection but also in patients without any serological markers of a past HBV infection. Occult HBV infection in patients with chronic HCV infection may induce more severe liver disease and lower response rate to interferon treatment. The existence of occult HCV infections has been also reported more recently. Occult HCV infection is characterised by the presence of HCV\u2010RNA in liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the absence of detectable serum HCV\u2010RNA. Occult HCV infection may occur under two different clinical situations: in hepatitis C antibody\u2010(anti\u2010HCV) negative and serum HCV\u2010RNA\u2010negative patients with abnormal liver function tests and in anti\u2010HCV\u2010positive patients who have no detectable serum HCV\u2010RNA and who have normal liver enzymes. The clinical relevance of occult HCV infections is still under investigation. 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