{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:11:20Z","timestamp":1782990680245,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately 3.5 million people acquired HBV, HCV, or HIV\u20101 in 2022, and 340 million persons are infected with at least one of these three viruses, mostly in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs). Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are precise and sensitive tools for viral infection diagnosis, monitoring and sequencing. NAATs typically rely on plasma specimens, which can be challenging to collect, store and transport in LMICs, limiting the reach of NAAT testing in rural and other resource constrained settings where trained phlebotomists and\/or a cold chain for preservation and shipping are not available. Alternative specimen types that can overcome this limitation include dried blood spots (DBS) and dried plasma prepared using the Cobas Plasma Separation Card (PSC). We performed a literature review of DBS and PSC use for NAAT of HBV, HCV, or HIV\u20101 to summarise their performance characteristics, relative advantages and disadvantages and potential to support expanded access to NAAT. DBS have been used extensively for HIV\u20101 diagnosis and viral load monitoring, as well as for HBV and HCV, albeit to a much lesser degree. Compared to plasma, DBS perform well in terms of accuracy but have lower sensitivity. There is a risk of low specificity due to the presence of cellular nucleic acids in DBS and a resulting over\u2010estimation of viral load. The PSC has similar accuracy and sensitivity compared to DBS, but improved specificity due to the removal of cellular components. Both DBS and PSC have the potential to enhance access in populations where the use of plasma is challenging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.70059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T04:44:06Z","timestamp":1754369046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dried Blood Spots and Plasma Separation Cards can Broaden Access to Molecular Testing for HBV, HCV and HIV"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey V.","family":"Lazarus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5824-3388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Parkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data First Consulting  Sebastopol California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huma","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor's Plaza Clifton  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"LaBrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roche Molecular Systems  Pleasanton California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination Task Force for Global Health  Decatur Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. \u201cImplementing the Global Health Sector Strategies on HIV Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections \u201d2022\u20132030. Accessed December 10 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240094925."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. \u201cGlobal Hepatitis Report 2024: Action for Access in Low\u2010 and Middle\u2010Income Countries\u201d. Accessed 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240091672."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352\u20103018(19)30196\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468\u20101253(22)00124\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. \u201cPrevention of Hepatitis B and C in the EU\/EEA\u201d. Accessed December 10 2024 https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/assets\/Prevention\u2010Hepatitis\u2010B\u2010and\u2010C\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u201cEnding the HIV Epidemic in the US Goals \u201d Updated March 20 2024. Accessed December 10 2024 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ehe\/php\/about\/goals.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. \u201cConsolidated Guidelines on HIV Viral Hepatitis and STI Prevention Diagnosis Treatment and Care for Key Populations\u201d. Accessed December 10 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240052390."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. \u201cUpdated Recommendations on Treatment of Adolescents and Children With Chronic HCV Infection and HCV Simplified Service Delivery and Diagnostics\u201d. Accessed December 10 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240052734."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. \u201cGuidelines for the Prevention Diagnosis Care and Treatment for People With Chronic Hepatitis B Infection\u201d. Accessed December 10 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240090903."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2022.0135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13122271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013208.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01336\u201018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.42.8.3847\u20103849.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02853\u201015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02675\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010023\u201008249\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010017\u20102777\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00541\u201016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"D. S.Rosenbloom B. R.Evans B.Squadroni et\u00a0al. Development and Evaluation of Tasso\u2010M50 Method for Dried Blood Viral Load Detection (2024): Abstract 1091."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2013.0127"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01683\u201018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00544\u201014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004076"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"160","article-title":"Measurement of HIV\u20101 Viral Load for Drug Resistance Surveillance Using Dried Blood Spots: Literature Review and Modeling of Contribution of DNA and RNA","volume":"16","author":"Parkin N. T.","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2020.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","volume-title":"Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0000000000001387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086461"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281857"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000003824"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0000000000001275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.WHO Manual for HIV Drug Resistance Testing Using Dried Blood Spot Specimens 3rd ed. Accessed December 10 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240009424."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.HIV Drug Resistance Report 2021. Accessed December 10 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240038608."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197\u2010024\u201000220\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2020.114039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13910"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.104839"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01649\u201023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002099"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","first-page":"OAB0403","volume-title":"11th IAS Conference on HIV Science","author":"Reddy H.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz338"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010019\u20104493\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010021\u201006110\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231385"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010023\u201008456\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461\u2010024\u201004599\u20102"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T06:45:19Z","timestamp":1758782719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.70059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.70059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.70059","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70059"}}