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They are mostly enveloped and has\u00a0+ve sense RNA which infects a wide range of hosts, including mammals and birds. This SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in December 2019 triggered a global pandemic, with transmission primarily occurring through respiratory droplets. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 comprises four structural proteins namely: spike, membrane, envelope and nucleocapsid protein (S, M, E, and N respectively) along with multiple non\u2010structural proteins (nsp1\u2013nsp16) essential for infections. The trimeric S protein, composed of S1 and S2 subunits which helps in virus entry into the cell after attachment to the ACE2 recpetor of host cell. Interferon regulatory factors (IRF\u20101 and IRF\u20102) are critical transcription factors in antiviral immune responses, yet their specific roles in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection remain insufficiently understood. Disruption of their regulatory functions may compromise host antiviral defenses and influence disease progression. Elucidating the mechanistic roles of IRF\u20101 and IRF\u20102 could facilitate the production of novel therapeutic strategies which further modulates the immune responses, mitigates the viral pathogenicity, and hence clinical outcomes will be improved. A deep insight of these immune pathways is pivotal for designing targeted interventions to strengthen host resilience against coronavirus infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.70094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T08:35:56Z","timestamp":1766738156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Genome and S2 Spike Protein: IRF\u2010Driven Interferon Regulation and Host Cell Responses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4578-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekta","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Recombinant DNA Technology Laboratory Department of Biotechnology Central University of South Bihar  Gaya India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishita","family":"Nishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recombinant DNA Technology Laboratory Department of Biotechnology Central University of South Bihar  Gaya India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudita","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recombinant DNA Technology Laboratory Department of Biotechnology Central University of South Bihar  Gaya India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recombinant DNA Technology Laboratory Department of Biotechnology Central University of South Bihar  Gaya India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(21)02796\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(21)01052\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6919e2"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6936a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586\u2010021\u201001696\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010023\u201001769\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/20\u20106306"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6548"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","article-title":"World Economic Outlook Update","author":"Caseloads R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","volume-title":"From Disruption to Recovery","author":"Education U. 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