{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T21:17:22Z","timestamp":1780348642352,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic viral hepatitis, predominantly caused by HBV and HCV infections, remains a major global health burden and a leading cause of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver\u2010related mortality. Achieving the World Health Organisation (WHO) target of diagnosing 90% of HBV and HCV infections by 2030 necessitates a fundamental transition from centralised laboratory\u2010based testing towards rapid, accessible, and decentralised diagnostic solutions. This review provides a comprehensive and critical assessment of the current diagnostic landscape for viral hepatitis, spanning established commercial assays and emerging nucleic acid testing (NAT) technologies. We systematically examine recent advances in biosensor\u2010enabled diagnostics, with particular emphasis on the integration of isothermal amplification and CRISPR\u2010based molecular recognition into electrochemical and field\u2010effect transistor (FET) platforms. These electronic sensing technologies enable label\u2010free signal transduction, scalable miniaturisation, and seamless integration with point\u2010of\u2010care (POC) workflows, thereby addressing key limitations of conventional diagnostic pipelines. In addition, we discuss persistent challenges in sample preparation, signal amplification, and system integration, and highlight strategies that couple biochemical amplification with solid\u2010state electronics to streamline diagnostic workflows. By synthesising the state of the art and identifying critical technological bottlenecks, this review describes the technological progression of next\u2010generation diagnostic platforms required to accelerate the global elimination of viral hepatitis and to improve patient outcomes through earlier and more equitable access to diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.70110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T04:34:58Z","timestamp":1770611698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advances in Rapid Nucleic Acid Diagnostics for Hepatitis B and C Viruses: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9883-8199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin\u2010Ying","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of BioPharmaceutical Sciences College of Medicine National Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia\u2010Yen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatitis Center College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Hepatobiliary Section Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5763-929X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I\u2010Jung","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Precision Medicine National Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8667-4844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen\u2010Hsu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatitis Center College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Hepatobiliary Section Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine College of Medicine National Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8145-1900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming\u2010Lung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatitis Center College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Hepatobiliary Section Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Che\u2010Hsin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Electro\u2010Mechanical Engineering National Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7300-4393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling\u2010Shan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of BioPharmaceutical Sciences College of Medicine National Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(17)32152\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad342"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.54394\/CJQU6666","volume-title":"Global Hepatitis Report 2024: Action for Access in Low\u2010and Middle\u2010Income Countries","author":"Organization World Health","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468\u20101253(18)30056\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Global Hepatitis Report 2017","author":"Organization W. H.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Koirala H. B. J.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1607\u2010551x(10)70073\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000074999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2001.abs"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2020.101596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050724"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i24.2503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15636"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Genetic Heterogeneity of Hepatitis C Virus: Quasispecies and Genotypes","author":"Bukh J.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12345"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Hepatitis C Treatment and Prevention in People Who Inject Drugs (Pwid) and Prisoners: A Narrative Review of the Extant Literature","volume":"21","author":"Crowley D.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Vaccine Development for Hepatitis C","author":"Lechmann M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"W. H.Organization \u201cGlobal Progress Report on HIV Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections 2021: Accountability for the Global Health Sector Strategies 2016\u20132021: Actions for Impact \u201d. (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.4.599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13060951"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575\u2010022\u201000649\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22881"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440\u20101746.2000.02097.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000005119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12552"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2021.101626"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005\u2010013\u20100257\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22884"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24018\/ejmed.2022.4.1.1147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37506\/ijfmt.v15i3.15537"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/ajmah\/2018\/33128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2017.959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_173_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3838857"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.35658"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40100b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276582"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.1940"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.12.e63"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usy421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12931"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8ra07235c"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12121068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12060424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596\u2010019\u20100210\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aas8836"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094842"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2177088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12071524"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12040829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c01459"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.113994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c01777"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c00616"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113541"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c05545"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010022\u201000861\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/ebc20150012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2016.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14061239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2021.114094"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.816238"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201027076\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866\u2010024\u201003220\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29721"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","first-page":"1998","volume-title":"Analytical Electrochemistry","author":"Wang J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229783"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b02210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2020.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.127987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c03141"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.70044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac200624f"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2021.106002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/16.536820"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/16.75219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18114042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4tb00719k"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338360"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","first-page":"299","article-title":"CMOS Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistors for Detection of DNA Hybridization Under Debye Screen Effect","author":"Lee C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl071792z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b00133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2520"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8ay00802g"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c01200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.134278"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113719"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c00337"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2017.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c9an01466g"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70110","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmv.70110","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T05:09:34Z","timestamp":1774588174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.70110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.70110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.70110","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70110"}}