{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T11:54:15Z","timestamp":1778327655470,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chapare virus (CHAPV) is an emerging New World arenavirus that causes Chapare haemorrhagic fever (CHHF), a severe and often fatal illness. First identified in Bolivia in 2003, CHAPV remains geographically limited but has shown potential for nosocomial transmission. It causes symptoms similar to other viral haemorrhagic fevers, including fever, muscle pain, bleeding, and neurological complications. The virus is primarily spread through contact with infected rodents, although limited human\u2010to\u2010human transmission has been documented. CHAPV has a bisegmented RNA genome with ambisense polarity. It shares structural features with other arenaviruses but contains unique mutations that may affect its ability to replicate and evade the immune system. The virus targets immune cells, disrupts normal responses, and causes widespread inflammation and vascular damage. No vaccine or antiviral treatment is currently available. This review compares CHAPV with other arenaviruses such as Lassa, Jun\u00edn, Machupo, Guanarito, and Sabia viruses. While some of these viruses have vaccines or experimental treatments, CHAPV lacks both. Diagnostic challenges, poor surveillance, and underreporting further limit understanding of its true burden. We highlight the urgent need for improved diagnostics, genomic surveillance, and development of medical countermeasures. A One Health approach\u2010linking human, animal, and environmental health is essential for early detection and prevention of future outbreaks. Given its clinical severity and potential for spread, CHAPV represents a neglected but serious global health threat that requires immediate research and policy attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.70111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T07:25:18Z","timestamp":1770276318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chapare Virus: A Re\u2010Emerging Zoonotic Arenavirus With Limited Preparedness"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Sharmin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy BRAC University  Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Technology Mara  Puncak Alam Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3006-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asef","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy BRAC University  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md. Atik","family":"Zawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy BRAC University  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afnan","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy BRAC University  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zubaier","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy BRAC University  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mossamat Umul","family":"Khair Fatema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy BRAC University  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01751"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","volume-title":"New World Arenaviruses (Junin, Machupo, Guanarito, Sabia, and Chapare Viruses)","author":"Boston University Research Occupational Health Program (ROHP)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","unstructured":"WHO. \u201cChapare Haemorrhagic fever\u2010 the Plurinational State of Bolivia 2025\u201d https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease\u2010outbreak\u2010news\/item\/2025\u2010DON553."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000047"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2025.101569"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2110339"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101589"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.102124"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.11.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac266"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.11.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apb.2023.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","article-title":"Orion Will be the World\u2019s First Maximum Biosafety Lab Linked to a Synchrotron Light Source","author":"FAPESP","year":"2024","journal-title":"AG\u00caNCIA FAPESP"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","article-title":"Brazil Will Have the World\u2019s First Maximum Biosafety Containment Laboratory Complex Connected to a Synchrotron Light Source","author":"Medina E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNPEM"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","volume-title":"Rapid Reviews to Strengthen Health Policy and Systems: A Practical Guide","author":"Tricco A. C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21840\/siic\/172133"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","volume-title":"The Epidemiology of Chapare Virus: A Rapid Review","author":"Kumah E.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.057000\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf081"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/29986990.2025.2486952"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00372"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166\u20103542(02)00202\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462\u20105822.2007.01113.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010virology\u2010101416\u2010042001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000455"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Emerging Infections: Lessons From the Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers","volume":"117","author":"Peters C. J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Clinical & Climatological Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201026432\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705\u2010022\u201005453\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0037\u20108682\u20100330\u20102016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003233"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1903"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4102317"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702231199071"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814540544"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040772"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","article-title":"About Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever","author":"CDC","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF)"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","first-page":"754","volume-title":"Ciottone\u2019s Disaster Medicine","author":"Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Attack","year":"2016"},{"issue":"45","key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","first-page":"2239","article-title":"Treatment of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever With Convalescent\u2019s Plasma. 4433 Cases","volume":"15","author":"Ruggiero H. A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Presse Medicale"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200275"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/24.4.718"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199508033330505"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2808.211787"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2025.102827"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4102097"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","unstructured":"The Centre for Food Security & Public Health.Viral Hemorrhagic Fever \u2010 Arenaviruses(2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037\u201086822010000300003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2012.687719"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","unstructured":"Ebola Disease https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/ebola\u2010disease."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","unstructured":"Summary of Probable SARS Cases with Onset of Illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/summary\u2010of\u2010probable\u2010sars\u2010cases\u2010with\u2010onset\u2010of\u2010illness\u2010from\u20101\u2010november\u20102002\u2010to\u201031\u2010july\u20102003."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2020.1783198"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/cabionehealth.2025.0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100909"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20100691.2009.02847.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2021.1879006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5055\/ajdm.2015.0207"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006256"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","volume-title":"Human and Social Dimensions of Climate Change","author":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Morales A. J.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0362"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393\u2010025\u201001723\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2023.109888"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21840\/siic\/169270"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70111","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmv.70111","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T05:09:19Z","timestamp":1774588159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.70111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.70111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.70111","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70111"}}