{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:35:22Z","timestamp":1774593322099,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Flaviviruses pose a major threat to global health and can cause severe disease in animals and humans. Among them, tick\u2010borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and related members of the tick\u2010borne encephalitis (TBE) serocomplex are transmitted primarily by ticks and can lead to neurological disease, including encephalitis and death. Despite many years of research on the TBE\u2010serocomplex, no specific antiviral treatment has been developed. Langat virus (LGTV), another member of this serocomplex typically causes asymptomatic infections in humans, but may cause severe neurological disease in rare cases. Moreover, experimentally LGTV\u2010infected mice and monkeys show neurological symptoms. While viruses of the TBE\u2010serocomplex are canonically transmitted by ticks, tick\u2010independent transmission of LGTV has been reported in mice, suggesting a broader transmission potential. Notably, the full host range, vector competence and global distribution of LGTV remain poorly defined, and climate change\u2010driven expansion of tick vectors may enable the emergence of this virus in new regions. In this review, we summarise our current knowledge of LGTV, focussing on vector competence, transmission routes, tissue and host tropism, pathogenicity and animal models. Furthermore, we discuss the potential application of LGTV as a vaccine candidate for TBEV. By highlighting the unique features of LGTV and identifying current research gaps, we aim to inspire interest in this understudied virus and its value as a tool to uncover fundamental aspects of tick\u2010borne flavivirus biology and strategies for vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.70127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T06:43:57Z","timestamp":1773125037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Langat Virus Biology and Infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0771-7808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zinaida","family":"Klestova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases University Hospital T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7665-0040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Sauter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases University Hospital T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8989-5813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases University Hospital T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5929-7078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Iftner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases University Hospital T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560\u20107917.es.2018.23.45.1800201"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2024.102388"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354\u2010012\u20100100\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12206603"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i5.430"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100903"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.17.18848\u2010en"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_10_1","unstructured":"Control ECfDPa Factsheet About tick\u2010borne Encephalitis (TBE) 2024). Accessed August 25 2025 https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/tick\u2010borne\u2010encephalitis\/facts\/factsheet."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705\u2010023\u201005835\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426\u2010018\u20100081\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011141"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_14_1","article-title":"NCBI Taxonomy: A Comprehensive Update on Curation, Resources and Tools","author":"Schoch C. L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065\u20103527(03)61008\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168\u20101702(93)90082\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022\u20101317\u201074\u20102\u2010287"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030451"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042\u20106822(92)90545\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006282"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022172400041371"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qco.0000000000000924"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.068411\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974\u2010016\u20100487\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974\u2010020\u201001951\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16081327"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02039\u201020"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/nen.0000000000000131"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166\u20103542(02)00206\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5482.258"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/178581a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v9070189"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16020304"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.849313"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.1.148"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022\u20102585\u201041.5.973"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1976.25.500"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065\u20103527(03)60007\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2016.00040"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9050889"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_43_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Prevalence of tick\u2010borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) in Samples of Raw Milk Taken Randomly From Cows, Goats and Sheep in Eastern Poland","volume":"17","author":"Cisak E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010056"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_18_45_1","first-page":"348","article-title":"[Tick\u2010borne Encephalitis Transmitted by Raw Milk\u2010\u2010What Is the Significance of This Route of Infection? Studies in the Epidemic Region of South\u2010West Germany]","volume":"60","author":"Rieger M. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01709\u201023"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0172\u20105599(80)80108\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010015\u20101210\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105763"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v8090252"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047912"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01215\u201014"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/94.3.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(70)91330\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.80.3.1427\u20101439.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.8.4956\u20104963.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.4.1746"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120633"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020281"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14007"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120858"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0846"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0959"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw061"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1973.22.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0220"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217359"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00314\u201016"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00614\u201015"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/s0907444903004475"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29572"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030328"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022\u20101317\u201033\u20103\u2010381"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_75_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"CNS Pathogenesis Following a Dual Viral Infection With Semliki Forest (Alphavirus) and Langat (Flavivirus)","volume":"69","author":"Amor S.","year":"1988","journal-title":"British Journal of Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052342"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112164"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974\u2010020\u201001943\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.20.9601\u20109609.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00870\u201025"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201037698\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011813"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974\u2010018\u20101119\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5729.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705\u2010024\u201006143\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13060956"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10060329"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042\u20106822(91)90567\u2010u"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9030196"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_18_91_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"The Highly Attenuated E5 \u201814\u2019 Plaque\u2010Cloned Derivative From the Langat TP21 E5 Strain. Isolation and Properties","volume":"17","author":"Mayer V.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Virologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_92_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Potential Use of Attenuated Langat E5 Virus as a Live Vaccine \u2010\u2010 Long Term Protection Against Russian Spring\u2010Summer Encephalitis Virus in Mice","volume":"25","author":"Thind S.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology & Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02904\u201018"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21587"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0179"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_96_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Vaccination of Human Volunteers Against Russian Spring\u2010Summer (RSS) Virus Complex With Attenuated Langat E5 Virus","volume":"42","author":"Price W. H.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1134371"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70127","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmv.70127","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70127","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T05:09:47Z","timestamp":1774588187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.70127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.70127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.70127","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70127"}}