{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:01:49Z","timestamp":1785160909120,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Measles remains a highly infectious viral disease and continues to pose a major global public health concern, with recurrent outbreaks occurring despite the implementation of effective vaccination strategies. This review examines multifactorial drivers of current measles outbreaks, summarises current recommendations for the standard two\u2010dose measles\u2010containing vaccine schedule, and evaluates emerging immunological evidence regarding the administration of a third dose. Some studies indicate that a third measles\u2010containing vaccine dose can result in an enhanced response for both humoral and cellular immune responses among individuals with declining antibody levels. However, existing evidence is largely derived from small, context\u2010specific studies and does not yet demonstrate durable clinical protection or population\u2010level impact on measles transmission. Consequently, the role of a routine third dose remains uncertain. In conclusion, addressing the multifactorial drivers of measles resurgence, including strengthening two\u2010dose vaccination coverage, reducing vaccine hesitancy, improving surveillance, and closing immunity gaps, remains the primary priority for measles control. A third dose may be considered as an investigational strategy, but further large\u2010scale epidemiologic and effectiveness data are needed before any policy implementation can be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.70134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:39:26Z","timestamp":1773297566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Measles Resurgence: Could a Third Vaccine Dose Be the Solution?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1280-7922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huynh Tran Bao","family":"Chau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences VinUniversity  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0713-7169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bui Cong","family":"Minh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences VinUniversity  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1522-1880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeza Muhamad Abdul","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Department Komar University of Science and Technology Sulaymaniyah Kurdistan Regional Government  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5433-6093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoang Bao Tran","family":"Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UF Health North Cardiovascular Center  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7995-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bui Nguyen Ha","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4461-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelrahman","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3184-3778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khanh Dang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine and Pharmacy  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6515-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pham Hong","family":"Gam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"},{"name":"Da Nang C Hospital  Da Nang Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8963-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javeria","family":"Hamraa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Islamic University Islamabad  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9802-2552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le Thi Thuy","family":"Hang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine and Pharmacy  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases University of Medicine and Pharmacy  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1274-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tran Thi Kim","family":"Ngan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-1384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pham Thai","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital No. 2  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9543-9440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguyen Tien","family":"Huy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Development Duy Tan University  Da Nang Vietnam"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Pharmacy Duy Tan University  Da Nang Vietnam"},{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH) Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","article-title":"Measles Symptoms and Complications","author":"Center for Disease Control and Preventation (US)","year":"2025","journal-title":"Measles (Rubeola). Atlanta"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cMeasles Cases Surge Worldwide Infecting 10.3 Million People in 2023 \u201d: [cited 2025 Mar 22] https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/14\u201011\u20102024\u2010measles\u2010cases\u2010surge\u2010worldwide\u2010\u2010infecting\u201010.3\u2010million\u2010people\u2010in\u20102023."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0008\u20108749(75)80002\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1871296"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468\u20102667(24)00181\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I.Tranter N.Smoll C. L.Lau et\u00a0al. \u201cOnward Virus Transmission After Measles Secondary Vaccination Failure \u2010 Volume 30 Number 9\u2014September 2024 \u2010 Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal \u2010 CDC \u201d (September 2024): [cited 2025 Dec 25] https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/30\/9\/24\u20100150_article.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3009.240150"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.06.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaf073"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.27734"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf216"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"Measles","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","article-title":"Measles Vaccination","author":"Center for Disease Control and Preventation (US)","year":"2025","journal-title":"Measles (Rubeola)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560\u20107917.es.2024.29.9.2400107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","article-title":"Measles Cases and Outbreaks","author":"Center for Disease Control and Preventation","year":"2025","journal-title":"Measles (Rubeola)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","volume-title":"A 30\u2010fold Rise of Measles Cases in 2023 in the WHO European Region Warrants Urgent Action","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560\u20107917.es.2023.28.35.2300423"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11111672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","volume-title":"Global Measles Outbreaks","author":"Center for Disease Control and Preventation","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2504516"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7345a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.3867"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7338a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","volume-title":"Immunization Coverage","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","unstructured":"Measles Sydney NSW Health Advises to Stay Alert for Symptoms: [cited 2025 Mar 25] https:\/\/www.news.com.au\/lifestyle\/health\/health\u2010problems\/very\u2010infectious\u2010nsw\u2010health\u2010warns\u2010aussies\u2010to\u2010monitor\u2010for\u2010measles\u2010symptoms\/news\u2010story\/755d49c04a45e9c3c6d0a2fad80d6fad."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","volume-title":"Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad065"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13020157"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2024.100523"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12060695"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1703309"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012\u20100177"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6701a7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz188"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021\u2010051873"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.29484"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70134","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmv.70134","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70134","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T05:09:23Z","timestamp":1774588163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.70134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.70134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.70134","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70134"}}