{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:52:22Z","timestamp":1790009542660,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vaccination remains one of the most effective public health interventions; however, recent global trends indicate a reversal in routine immunisation coverage alongside resurgent outbreaks of vaccine\u2010preventable diseases. This review synthesises current evidence on declining immunisation coverage, the re\u2010emergence of diseases such as measles and poliomyelitis, and the growing influence of vaccine hesitancy and misinformation on vaccine uptake. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and WHO\/UNICEF databases was conducted using terms including \u2018vaccine hesitancy\u2019, \u2018immunisation coverage\u2019, \u2018vaccine\u2010preventable diseases\u2019, \u2018misinformation\u2019, and \u2018vaccine policy\u2019, covering literature published between 2000 and 2024. We examine how pandemic\u2010related disruptions, structural inequities, and evolving information ecosystems have collectively weakened immunisation system resilience across diverse settings. Beyond epidemiological consequences, declining coverage reflects broader challenges related to trust, governance, and equity in vaccine delivery. The review highlights the limitations of reactive, outbreak\u2010driven approaches and emphasises the central role of strong routine immunisation systems embedded within primary healthcare. We discuss policy implications for integrating behavioural and social science insights, strengthening risk communication, and advancing equity\u2010oriented immunisation governance. We conclude that sustaining and extending global immunisation gains will depend on aligning scientific innovation with public trust and system resilience. Addressing vaccine confidence as a core component of immunisation performance is essential to safeguarding global health security in the coming decade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.70149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T07:07:07Z","timestamp":1776496027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Global Vaccine Confidence at a Crossroads: Immunisation Coverage Declines, Misinformation, and the Future of Vaccine Policy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Alfi","family":"Sophian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Drug Investigation Laboratory The Indonesian Food and Drug Authority  Jakarta Pusat Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Indonesia  Depok Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Normasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Product Laboratory The Indonesian Food and Drug Authority  Jakarta Pusat Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andhika","family":"Harumanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Product Laboratory The Indonesian Food and Drug Authority  Jakarta Pusat Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Abinawanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Indonesia  Depok Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.11.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978\u20100\u2010323\u201079058\u20101.00313\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","volume-title":"Progress and Challenges on Routine Immunization: 2023 WHO\/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage","author":"World Health Organization, UNICEF","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7345a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(21)01337\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.01.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh\u20102020\u2010004206"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1329878x20946113"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh\u20102022\u2010008684"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473\u20103099(24)00447\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Mwale Persistent Measles Immunisation Gaps in LMICs: Insights From the 2024 Revision of the WHO\/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage(2025) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5625104.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5625104"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(21)00306\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","volume-title":"Measles and Rubella Monitoring, January 2023","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(17)31463\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.964212"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440241253326"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","volume-title":"Gender and Immunization: Desk Review","author":"UNICEF","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010020\u201009169\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","volume-title":"Polio Eradication Strategy 2022\u20132026: Delivering on a Promise","author":"Global Polio Eradication Initiative","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.11.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","volume-title":"Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Framework 2021\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","volume-title":"Measles Data and Statistics 2022","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","volume-title":"Measles Cases and Outbreaks","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba1238"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","volume-title":"Circulating Vaccine\u2010Derived Poliovirus Situation Report, 2020\u20132023","author":"Global Polio Eradication Initiative","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1510330"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_16_31_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Public Health Surveillance in the United States: Evolution and Challenges","volume":"61","author":"Thacker S. B.","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Supplements"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2011.582247"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.11.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh\u20102019\u2010002053"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208601"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020160"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2026.128393"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.10.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(18)32608\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17077\/2151\u20102957.33956"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/37806"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394199372.ch22"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(20)31558\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_45_1","volume-title":"Wellcome Global Monitor 2018: How Does the World Feel About Science and Health?","author":"Wellcome Trust","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468\u20102667(21)00273\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7039e4"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2026.2626088"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2199656"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1773141"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_51_1","volume-title":"Immunization in Fragile and Conflict\u2010Affected Settings: Challenges and Opportunities","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.15.162172"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(21)01367\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0277\u20109536(02)00142\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.7.3221"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214\u2010109x(18)30386\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_57_1","volume-title":"Reaching Zero\u2010Dose Children: Progress and Challenges","author":"Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_58_1","volume-title":"Early AI\u2010Supported Response With Social Listening (EARS) Platform: Methodology and Validation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/cjhr.cjhr_123_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_61_1","volume-title":"National Immunization Information System: Annual Report 2022","author":"Tanzania Ministry of Health","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102024\u2010089764"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70389\/pjai.100003"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201037947\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13091087"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.06.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(04)17279\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100618760521"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_69_1","volume-title":"Vaccine Acceptance and Demand: Global Landscape Analysis","author":"UNICEF","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37016\/mr\u20102020\u2010008"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586\u2010021\u201000785\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1459252"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/sjms.v14i4.5903"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214\u2010109x(17)30472\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/jdmc.v22i2.21543"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264\u2010410x(02)00449\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10060865"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1230492"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1079"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czu003"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70149","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmv.70149","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70149","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:57:07Z","timestamp":1782406627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.70149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.70149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.70149","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70149"}}