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Characterised by extreme virulence and case\u2010fatality rates that can exceed 70%, it is recognized as a WHO priority pathogen. This review examines the multifaceted challenges posed by recurring NiV outbreaks, spanning the complex dynamics of unpredictable zoonotic spillover from Pteropus fruit bats, the rising risk of sustained human\u2010to\u2010human transmission, and the profound gaps in medical countermeasures. The epidemiological shift from events mediated by intermediate hosts to those involving direct spillover and efficient person\u2010to\u2010person spread in South Asia highlights the virus's evolving pandemic potential. In the absence of any licenced vaccines or therapeutics, public health responses are limited to supportive care and stringent infection control. Ultimately, this review concludes that mitigating the NiV threat is fundamentally a One Health challenge, requiring an integrated strategy that unites ecological surveillance, accelerated medical research, and coordinated global policy to secure against this formidable pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.70154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T20:09:25Z","timestamp":1781381365000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Global Health Security Challenges Posed by Recurring Nipah Virus Outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Halimatu S.","family":"M\u2010Kamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physician Assistantship Garden City University  Kenyasi Ghana"},{"name":"37 Military Hospital  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2862-4811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ifeanyi Francis","family":"Merenini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Center for Global Health School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology Faculty of Life Sciences Federal University of Lafia  Lafia Nasarawa State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9253-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismaila Damilare","family":"Isiaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Computational Virology Group Etiology Research Center Wuhan Institute of Virology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9252-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulwasid","family":"Abubakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science Laboratory Technology Accra Technical University  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakhouba","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2601.191284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2542\u20105196(24)00119\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000429117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy612"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.129629"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1805376"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2807.212614"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010025\u201004530\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002739"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2902.221379"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1493428"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004775"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.120875"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Anthropogenic Deforestation, El Ni\u00f1o and the Emergence of Nipah Virus in Malaysia","volume":"24","author":"Chua K. 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