{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:53:07Z","timestamp":1791287587555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are seasonal respiratory viruses that can cause severe outcomes, particularly in older adults; however, their burden remains under\u2010captured. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends expanding surveillance over pathogens, such as RSV and hMPV, through the Mosaic Respiratory Surveillance Framework. Although COVID\u201019 accelerated RSV surveillance, similar advancements for hMPV are lacking. This study evaluated and compared RSV and hMPV surveillance across multiple countries. A comparative qualitative analysis of RSV and hMPV surveillance was conducted in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States using a framework based on the WHO guidance. Surveillance systems were mapped across seven modules: non\u2010medically attended community, virological, community, outbreak, primary care, hospital, and mortality surveillance. Each was assessed using five criteria: granularity, timing, representativeness, sampling strategy, and communication. Sources included public health institution webpages, surveillance subsystems, and peer\u2010reviewed publications. Most countries have dedicated RSV surveillance frameworks, with the United States and Spain having the most comprehensive systems. Key areas for potential improvement included limited adult\u2010centric data and severe outcome reporting. No country had robust surveillance for hMPV (Germany reported hMPV\u2010specific hospital data, whereas France, Germany, and the United Kingdom published sentinel positivity rates), and detection was mainly through influenza or COVID\u201019 virological surveillance. The absence of hMPV reporting from active sentinel surveillance, year\u2010round monitoring, demographic and severity data, and restricted public information dissemination are common limitations. Significant limitations persist in RSV and particularly hMPV surveillance, highlighting the need for more robust, comprehensive systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.70175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:13:39Z","timestamp":1781608419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Cross\u2010Country Evaluation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus\u00a0and Human Metapneumovirus Surveillance Systems: Identifying Gaps and Best Practices for Improved Disease Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8126-5868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Martyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi Vaccines  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Devos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CVA  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Bourron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi Vaccines  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"AbouElwafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi Vaccines  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Vitoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CVA  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry Rigoine de","family":"Fougerolles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CVA  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.13320"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121\u2010023\u201000792\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh\u20102022\u2010009018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cStrengthening the World\u2019s Defenses Against Epidemics and Pandemics: Expanding GISRS \u201d Accessed November 18 2025 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/13\u201002\u20102024\u2010expanding\u2010the\u2010global\u2010influenza\u2010surveillance\u2010and\u2010response\u2010system\u2010from\u2010gisrs\u2010to\u2010e\u2010gisrs."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cRespiratory Syncytial Virus Surveillance Programme \u201d Accessed November 18 2025 https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global\u2010influenza\u2010programme\/global\u2010respiratory\u2010syncytial\u2010virus\u2010surveillance."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03766\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cSurveillance for Respiratory Viruses of Epidemic and Pandemic Potential \u201d Accessed November 18 2025 https:\/\/www.who.int\/initiatives\/mosaic\u2010respiratory\u2010surveillance\u2010framework."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control \u201cReporting Protocol for Integrated Respiratory Virus Surveillance \u201d (2024) https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications\u2010data\/reporting\u2010protocol\u2010integrated\u2010respiratory\u2010virus\u2010surveillance."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010022\u201013433\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12941"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","unstructured":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France \u201cInfections respiratoires aigu\u00ebs (grippe bronchiolite COVID\u201019). Bilan de la saison 2023\u20102024 \u201d [French] Accessed November 3 2025 https:\/\/www.santepubliquefrance.fr\/maladies\u2010et\u2010traumatismes\/maladies\u2010et\u2010infections\u2010respiratoires\/grippe\/documents\/bulletin\u2010national\/infections\u2010respiratoires\u2010aigues\u2010grippe\u2010bronchiolite\u2010covid\u201019\u2010.\u2010bilan\u2010de\u2010la\u2010saison\u20102023\u20102024."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","unstructured":"Robert Koch Institut \u201cARE\u2010Wochenbericht des RKI 2008\u20102025 \u201d [German] Accessed November 18 2025 https:\/\/influenza.rki.de\/Wochenberichte.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","unstructured":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 \u201cRespiVirNet\u2013Sorveglianza integrata dei virus respiratori \u201d [Italian] Accessed November 18 2025 https:\/\/respivirnet.iss.it\/pagine\/rapportoInflunet.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","unstructured":"National Insitute of Infectious Diseases \u201cSurveillance Data Tables.\u201d Accessed November 18 2025 https:\/\/www.niid.go.jp\/niid\/ja\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","unstructured":"Centro Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda \u201cSiVIRA\u2013Vigilancia centinela de Infecci\u00f3n Respiratoria Aguda: Gripe COVID\u201019 y VRS \u201d [Spanish] Accessed November 18 2025 https:\/\/docsivira.isciii.es\/Informe_semanal_SiVIRA_202431.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency \u201cSurveillance of Influenza and Other Seasonal Respiratory Viruses in the UK Winter 2023 to 2024 \u201d Accessed November 18 2025 https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/surveillance\u2010of\u2010influenza\u2010and\u2010other\u2010seasonal\u2010respiratory\u2010viruses\u2010in\u2010the\u2010uk\u2010winter\u20102023\u2010to\u20102024."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u201cRespiratory Virus Hospitalization Surveillance Network (RESP\u2010NET) \u201d Accessed November 18 2025 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/resp\u2010net\/dashboard\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","unstructured":"Sentinelles \u201cInfection Respiratoire Aigu\u00eb (IRA): 2020\u20102025 [French].\u201d Accessed November 18 2025 https:\/\/www.sentiweb.fr\/france\/fr\/?page=maladies&mal=25."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","unstructured":"Aktin. 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