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Additionally, it can infect both people and horses, leading to severe illness. Since 1999, WNV has spread across North and South America, including Mexico and the Caribbean. It is endemic in several regions of Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. WNV affects the central nervous system (CNS), causing severe disease in a small percentage of infected individuals, especially in immunocompromised or elderly hosts. This re\u2010emerging pathogen was identified during an outbreak in July 2025 in the Lazio region of Italy, rekindling interest in an area where the virus had not circulated for some time and raising several questions about the WNV vector and its spread. Gammadelta T (\u03b3\u03b4 T) lymphocytes are innate cells that can respond rapidly and non\u2010specifically to viral infections and other pathogens, thereby linking innate and adaptive immunity. Several studies in mice and humans suggest they play distinct roles in controlling WNV infection by communicating with other immune cells, underscoring their antiviral role, which is essential for containing viral dissemination in the host. This review will discuss recent studies on the role of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in viral pathogenesis and in protective immunity during WNV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.70176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T10:45:46Z","timestamp":1781088346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunological Interactions Between Gammadelta T Cells and West Nile Virus in the Infected Host"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2659-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Cimini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani\u2010 IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Tartaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Laboratories of Biosafety National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani\u2010 IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Cristofanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani\u2010 IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Gili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani\u2010 IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7489-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Laboratories of Biosafety National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani\u2010 IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1940.s1\u201020.471"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","unstructured":"Accessed 28 October 2025 https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/west\u2010nile\u2010fever\/facts#epidemiology."},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011880"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010017\u20102098\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201005185\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v6020752"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0307945031000154080"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093258"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473\u20103099(02)00368\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9594"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560\u20107917.es.2025.30.35.2500634"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9034-4_44"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/zoonoticdis4010006"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobb.2023.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.75.9.4040\u20104047.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749\u20106632.2001.tb02687.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/381461"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017420"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392\u2010023\u201001653\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_21_1","article-title":"Comparative Biology of Gamma Delta T Cell Function in Humans, Mice, and Domestic Animals","author":"Holderness J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2450\/2013.0077\u201013"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473\u20103099(15)00134\u20106"},{"issue":"41","key":"e_1_2_17_24_1","article-title":"West Nile Virus: The Italian National Transplant Network Reaction to an Alert in the North\u2010Eastern Region, Italy 2011","volume":"16","author":"Costa A. 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