{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:57:47Z","timestamp":1790607467303,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anti\u2010Spike monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) progressively lost efficacy during the COVID\u201019 pandemic due to the emergence and predominance of resistant SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants. By contrast, high\u2010titre COVID\u201019 convalescent plasma (CCP) collected from vaccinated donors recently recovered from infection provides a polyclonal source of antibodies that remains effective in clearing SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in immunosuppressed patients, unable to mount an adequate immune response against the virus. We conducted a systematic review and individual participant data meta\u2010analysis to examine the effect of CCP in immunocompromised patients persistently positive for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 viraemia following mAb therapy, and to evaluate possible biological factors associated with a favourable outcome. Electronic databases were searched for studies published from January 2020 to January 2026. All studies including eligible cases were considered in the systematic review. Unpublished cases were also collected from investigators of the selected studies. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD420251142891). Forty\u2010seven cases (30 cases from 12 published studies and 17 unpublished cases) were included. In 33 out of 47 patients (70.2%) with a mAb\u2010resistant infection, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 clearance occurred following CCP transfusion, with a mean of 2.7 CCP units administered. In logistic regression, total CCP volume transfused was positively associated with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 clearance. In conclusion, CCP transfusion was associated with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 clearance in persistently positive immunocompromised patients following failure of anti\u2010Spike mAb therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.70185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:01:35Z","timestamp":1785524495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Convalescent Plasma Restores Viral Clearance After Anti\u2010Spike Monoclonal Antibody Failure in Immunocompromised COVID\u201019 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Individual Patient Data"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8811-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Focosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transfusion Medicine Nuovo Ospedale Apuano Azienda USL Toscana Nord\u2010Ovest  Massa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4441-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso Francesco","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol  Badalona Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Lluita Contra Les Infeccions  Badalona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Casadevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1641-7367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Cruciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology Carlo Poma Hospital  Mantua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5160-9743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"D'Abramo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani\u2010IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7061-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"De Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani\u2010IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9843-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gachoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Garcia\u2010Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Department Hospital Clinic of Barcelona\u2010IDIBAPS, Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Glingani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology Carlo Poma Hospital  Mantua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3354-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Hueso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gustave Roussy Department of Hematology  Villejuif France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7135-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Joyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8772-9029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine","family":"Lacombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses H\u00f4pital Saint\u2010Antoine AP\u2010HP  Paris France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 IPLESP Inserm UMR\u2010S1136  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4037-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Mengoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology Carlo Poma Hospital  Mantua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5606-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Nicastri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani\u2010IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4962-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quentin","family":"Richier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 IPLESP Inserm UMR\u2010S1136  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9871-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Rufer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne  Epalinges Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8116-3538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathon W.","family":"Senefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Kinesiology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shmuel","family":"Shoham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0319-0578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Tomisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department Nuovo Ospedale Apuano Azienda USL Toscana Nord\u2010Ovest  Massa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"Weinbergerova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine \u2013 Hematology and Oncology Masaryk University  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Zani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology Carlo Poma Hospital  Mantua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3030-7232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomiia","family":"Zaremba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8795-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Franchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology Carlo Poma Hospital  Mantua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu396"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci138745"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17701"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA).COVID\u201019 Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of COVID\u201019 in Patients With Immunosuppressive Disease or Receiving Immunosuppressive Treatments. [Internet]. (2024) November 15 2024 Clinical Review Memo\u2013COVID\u201019 Convalescent Plasma."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.50647"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI168603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.3069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1932475"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2024_272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1658593"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2023.2226326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2024.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA). \u201cEmergency Use Authorizations for Drugs and Non\u2010Vaccine Biological Products\u201d https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/emergency\u2010preparednessdrugs\/emergency\u2010use\u2010authorizations\u2010drugs\u2010and\u2010non\u2010vaccine\u2010biological\u2010products."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010021\u201001678\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2026.2623136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00060\u201024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473\u20103099(22)00311\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17737"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473\u20103099(20)30483\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","unstructured":"Food and drug administration (FDA).Convalescent Plasma EUA Letter of Authorization 12282021[Internet].2021[cited 2024 January 30]. Convalescent Plasma EUA Letter of Authorization 12282021 (fda.gov)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/jbies\u201023\u201000268"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/jbisrir\u2010d\u201019\u201000099"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/jbies\u201022\u201000224"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13061266"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18540"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2908"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13264"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022008932"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18544"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666\u20105247(21)00189\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071443"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27445"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmaf047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875\u2010022\u201001313\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941\u2010021\u201000491\u20102"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70185","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmv.70185","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.70185","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:17:32Z","timestamp":1790605052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.70185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.70185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.70185","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70185"}}