{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:33:06Z","timestamp":1791221586448,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005246","name":"Institute of Education Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R305F100027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R305F100027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Institute of Educational Sciences"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Institute of Educational Sciences"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 HD52120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 HD52120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ila.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reading Research Quarterly"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Definitions of dyslexia typically make reference to unexpected poor reading, although how best to operationalize unexpected remains an issue. When operationally defined as reading below expectations based on the level of oral language, cases of unexpected poor reading make up fewer than half of cases of poor reading, and cases of unexpected poor reading occur throughout the range of reading proficiency. An implication is that what optimally predicts poor reading may not optimally predict unexpected poor reading. The goal of the three presented studies was to test this implication empirically. In Study 1, a model\u2010based meta\u2010analysis, phonological awareness accounted for 40% of the variance in decoding but only 1% of the variance in decoding that was unexpected based on level of vocabulary. Conversely, unexpected phonological awareness accounted for 34% of the variance in unexpected decoding but only 1% of the variance in decoding. An analogous pattern of results occurred for reading comprehension. In Study 2, a study of 766 children in kindergarten, first grade, and second grade, latent variables were used to represent oral vocabulary, phonological awareness, and decoding. As was seen in Study 1, unexpected decoding was better predicted by unexpected phonological awareness than by phonological awareness. In Study 3, a longitudinal study of 1025 children followed from preschool through grade 2, the pattern of results mirrored those of Studies 1 and 2. An important implication of these studies is that typical assessments may be better at identifying poor reading than they are at identifying unexpected poor reading or dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T05:59:30Z","timestamp":1665640770000},"page":"188-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Early Identification of Children with Dyslexia: Variables Differentially Predict Poor Reading Versus Unexpected Poor Reading"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Florida Center for Reading Research Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Lonigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Florida Center for Reading Research Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7758\/9781610448864.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0266736950100402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Wechsler individual achievement tests III (WIAT III) technical manual","author":"Breaux K. C.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Expressive one\u2010word picture vocabulary test","author":"Brownell R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Receptive one\u2010word picture vocabulary test","author":"Brownell R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Comprehensive assessment of spoken language","author":"Carrow\u2010Woolfolk E.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"Oral and written language scales","author":"Carrow\u2010Woolfolk E.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010\u20100277(93)90003\u2010E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118957813"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2008.01247.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"Do we need a new definition of dyslexia?","author":"Dickman E.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2017.1407321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797609354084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"Learning disabilities: From identification to intervention","author":"Fletcher J. M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20100663.86.1.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Brigance comprehensive inventory of basic skills II standardization and validation manual","author":"French B. F.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082\u2010989X.11.4.323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000452"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume-title":"Test of silent contextual Reading fluency","author":"Hammill D. D.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"Stanford technical data report","author":"Harcourt Educational Measurement","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295X.106.3.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","volume-title":"The myths and truths of dyslexia in different writing systems","author":"Hoeft F.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"The Iowa tests: Guide to research and development","author":"Hoover H. D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume-title":"Technical and interpretive manual. Kaufman test of educational achievement\u2013third edition (KTEA\u20103)","author":"Kaufman A. S.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932518764833"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","volume-title":"Test of preschool early literacy","author":"Lonigan C. J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","volume-title":"Preschool comprehensive test of phonological and print processing","author":"Lonigan C. J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881\u2010003\u20100001\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073428298500300409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","volume-title":"Technical manual. Woodcock\u2010Johnson IV","author":"McGrew K. S.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219420906801"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103537"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1871.1378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","volume-title":"Mplus (Version 7.11)","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881\u2010021\u201000250\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(12)60198\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","volume-title":"Test of early reading ability","author":"Reid D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"Rose J.(2009).Identifying and teaching children and young people with dyslexia and literacy difficulties. An independent report.https:\/\/dera.ioe.ac.uk\/14790\/7\/00659\u20102009DOM\u2010EN_Redacted.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","volume-title":"Clinical evaluation of language fundamentals\u2010Fouth edition: CELF\u20104","author":"Semel E.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201163260301"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145\u2010015\u20109557\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002300112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747729"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1510663"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20104405(01)00094\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","volume-title":"Early reading diagnostic assessment technical manual (ERDA)","author":"The Psychological Corporation","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/SLDRP1501_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","volume-title":"Test of word reading efficiency: TOWRE","author":"Torgesen J. K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","volume-title":"First annual report of the National Advisory Committee on handicapped children","author":"U.S. Office of Education","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","first-page":"G1082","article-title":"Assistance to states for education for handicapped children: Procedures for evaluating specific learning disabilities","volume":"42","author":"U.S. Office of Education","year":"1977","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20289"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","volume-title":"Comprehensive test of phonological processing (CTOPP)","author":"Wagner R. K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219420920377"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119705116.ch19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","volume-title":"Clinical evaluation of language fundamentals \u2013 Preschool","author":"Wiig E. H.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219416688170"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","volume-title":"Woodcock reading mastery tests \u2013 Revised (WRM\u2010R)","author":"Woodcock R. W.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","volume-title":"Woodcock reading mastery tests, third edition manual (WRMT III)","author":"Woodcock R. W.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","volume-title":"Woodcock\u2010Johnson III tests of achievement (WJIII)","author":"Woodcock R. W.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","volume-title":"International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Reading Research Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rrq.480","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rrq.480","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ila.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rrq.480","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T00:12:36Z","timestamp":1692490356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ila.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rrq.480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rrq.480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rrq.480","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-0553","1936-2722"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-0553","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-2722","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}