{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:41:05Z","timestamp":1759938065315},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,6]],"date-time":"2006-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1165363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2776,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scanning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study describes the structural components of the bovine vaginal fluid at estrus by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) following critical point\u2010 and freezedrying preparation procedures. Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) was also used to evaluate the structural integrity of samples, and a control sample was assessed by adding sperm to the vaginal fluid. Samples were collected from 10 cows at the time of artificial insemination, prepared for SEM by using critical point\u2010 and freeze\u2010drying procedures, gold coated, and observed by SEM. Mesh size and filament thickness were measured with an image analyzer. Of the 10 samples processed, 4 were considered altered following critical point drying. Compaction and lack of filaments were observed in these samples. A small area of one sample showed a honey comb\u2010like structure when freeze drying was used. Nonoriented filaments with different thicknesses and with a network\u2010like structure were observed throughout the remainder of the samples. Filaments throughout all samples were also observed by CSLM. After critical point drying, the mesh area ranged from 0.8 to 101.4 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; the minor axis from 0.7 to 10.8 \u03bcm; and filament thickness from 40 to 442 nm. Using freeze drying, the mesh area ranged from 0.9 to 493.8 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; the minor axis from 0.7 to 27.5 \u03bcm; and filament thickness from 40 to 800 nm. When samples were freeze dried, mesh values were similar to the interstrand channels observed by CSLM. In sperm\u2010vaginal fluid samples, following critical point\u2010 or freeze\u2010drying procedures, spermatozoa were oriented randomly in the vaginal fluid and did not seem to alter filamentous structure. Our data suggest that the freeze\u2010drying procedure better preserves the true structural dimensions of the vaginal fluid. Furthermore, the filamentous structure of the vaginal fluid does not appear to impede sperm transport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sca.4950210306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,24]],"date-time":"2010-06-24T14:28:57Z","timestamp":1277389737000},"page":"204-211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A structural study of the bovine vaginal fluid at 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