{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:40:46Z","timestamp":1789494046473,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,6]],"date-time":"2006-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1165363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1315,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scanning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Snow crystals, which form by vapor deposition, occasionally come in contact with supercooled cloud droplets during their formation and descent. When this occurs, the droplets adhere and freeze to the snow crystals in a process known as accretion. During the early stages of accretion, discrete snow crystals exhibiting frozen cloud droplets are referred to as rime. If this process continues, the snow crystal may become completely engulfed in frozen cloud droplets. The resulting particle is known as graupel. Light microscopic investigations have studied rime and graupel for nearly 100 years. However, the limiting resolution and depth of field associated with the light microscope have prevented detailed descriptions of the microscopic cloud droplets and the three\u2010dimensional topography of the rime and graupel particles. This study uses low\u2010temperature scanning electron microscopy to characterize the frozen precipitates that are commonly known as rime and graupel. Rime, consisting of frozen cloud droplets, is observed on all types of snow crystals including needles, columns, plates, and dendrites. The droplets, which vary in size from 10 to 100 \u03bcm, frequently accumulate along one face of a single snow crystal, but are found more randomly distributed on aggregations consisting of two or more snow crystals (snowflakes). The early stages of riming are characterized by the presence of frozen cloud droplets that appear as a layer of flattened hemispheres on the surface of the snow crystal. As this process continues, the cloud droplets appear more sinuous and elongate as they contact and freeze to the rimed crystals. The advanced stages of this process result in graupel, a particle 1 to 3 mm across, composed of hundreds of frozen cloud droplets interspersed with considerable air spaces; the original snow crystal is no longer discernible. This study increases our knowledge about the process and characteristics of riming and suggests that the initial appearance of the flattened hemispheres may result from impact of the leading face of the snow crystal with cloud droplets. The elongated and sinuous configurations of frozen cloud droplets that are encountered on the more advanced stages suggest that aerodynamic forces propel cloud droplets to the trailing face of the descending crystal where they make contact and freeze.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sca.4950250304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,24]],"date-time":"2010-06-24T15:20:18Z","timestamp":1277392818000},"page":"121-131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Rime and graupel: Description and characterization as revealed by low\u2010temperature scanning electron microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Albert","family":"Rango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward G.","family":"Josberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric F.","family":"Erbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William P.","family":"Wergin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Pooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"456","article-title":"Zur Entstehung der Graupeln","volume":"25","author":"Barkow E","year":"1908","journal-title":"Met Zeit"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Snow Crystals","author":"Bentley WA","year":"1931"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1511\/1998.6.526"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"ColbeckS AkitayaE ArmstrongR GublerH LafeuilleJ LiedK McClungD MorrisE:The International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground. International Commission on Snow and Ice (IAHS). World Data Center for Glaciology University of Colorado Boulder Colo. (1990)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es001168n"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"582","article-title":"How snow crystals grow","volume":"72","author":"Hallet J","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Scientist"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"407","article-title":"On the crystallization of spheres and shells","volume":"197","author":"Hallet J","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Inst Physics, Conf Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Schneekrystalle","author":"Hellman G","year":"1893"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Ice Physics","author":"Hobbs PV","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"ICSI:The International Classification for Snow. IAHS International Commission on Snow and Ice.Technical Memorandum No. 31 Associate Committee on Soil and Snow Mechanics. National Research Council Ottawa Canada (1954)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Applied Physics","author":"Lamb D","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"321","article-title":"Meteorological classification of natural snow crystals","volume":"2","author":"Magono C","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Faculty Sci, Hokkaido Univ, Ser VII."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674182769"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"J Faculty Sci","author":"Nakaya U","year":"1934"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/048592a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1969)026<0138:TSARPO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Microphysics of clouds and precipitation","author":"Pruppacher HR","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02626669609491494"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02626669609491495"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02626660009492335"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr60138a004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"S21","article-title":"Comparison of identical areas of freeze\u2010fractured membranes from yeast using low temperature SEM and conventional TEM.(abstr)","volume":"25","author":"Wergin WP","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Royal Microscopical Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"927","article-title":"Increasing resolution and versatility in low temperature conventional and field emission scanning electron microscopy","volume":"5","author":"Wergin WP","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scan Microsc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"138","article-title":"Can you image a snowflake with an SEM? Certainly!","volume":"29","author":"Wergin WP","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Royal Microsc Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"WerginWP ErbeEF:Use of low temperature scanning electron microscopy to examine snow crystals.Proc 14th Int Cong Electron Microsc3B 993\u2013994(1994b)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sca.4950170106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Low temperature SEM of precipitated and metamorphosed snow crystals collected and transported from remote sites","volume":"2","author":"Wergin WP","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Microsc Soc Amer"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"The structure and metamorphism of snow crystals as revealed by low temperature scanning electron microscopy","volume":"53","author":"Wergin WP","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Eastern Snow Conf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sca.1998.4950200401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Observations of rime and graupel using low temperature SEM","volume":"21","author":"Wergin WP","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scanning"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sca.4950240505"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927602106246","article-title":"Low temperature scanning electron microscopy of \u201cirregular snow crystals\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Wergin WP","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microsc Microanal"}],"container-title":["Scanning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fsca.4950250304","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/sca.4950250304","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T20:06:52Z","timestamp":1696622812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/sca.4950250304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/sca.4950250304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sca.4950250304","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-0457","1932-8745"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-0457","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8745","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]}}}