{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T09:06:09Z","timestamp":1782896769042,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":3895,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci. Ed."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"DOI":"10.1002\/sce.20049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,23]],"date-time":"2005-02-23T23:19:01Z","timestamp":1109200741000},"page":"276-295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The challenges of observing geologically: Third graders' descriptions of rock and mineral properties"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Danielle J.","family":"Ford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2736(199802)35:2<189::AID-TEA8>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"35","author":"Ault","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5408\/0022-1368-38.3.213","volume":"38","author":"Birnbaum","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Geological Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB3","author":"Brickhouse","year":"2003","unstructured":"&(2003).Challenging the empiricist nature of elementary science instruction with text. In D. Metz (Ed.), Proceedings from the 7th International Conferenceon the History and Philosophy of Science in Science Teaching (pp.180-186)."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB4","author":"Brickhouse","year":"2004","unstructured":"&(2004, March).Articulating the roles of oral and written language in science instruction. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, Vancouver, BC."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5408\/0022-1368-24.4.113","volume":"24","author":"Casciato","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Geological Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.10001","volume":"86","author":"Chinn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023096001250","volume":"12","author":"Dodick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science & Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.5408\/1089-9995-44.3.266","volume":"44","author":"Dove","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Geoscience Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/0267152980130205","volume":"13","author":"Dove","year":"1998","journal-title":"Research Papers in Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB10","first-page":"267","volume":"8","author":"Duschl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Subject-Specific Instructional Methods and Activities"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB11","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Constructivism in the collaboratory","author":"Edelson","year":"1996","unstructured":"&(1996).Constructivism in the collaboratory. In (Ed.),Constructivist learning environments: Case studies in instructional design (pp.151-164).Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Educational Technology Publications."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.3660190808","volume":"19","author":"Finley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.3730640311","volume":"64","author":"Finley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.5408\/1089-9995-51.4.373","volume":"51","author":"Ford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Geoscience Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB15","year":"2000","unstructured":"Full Option Science System (FOSS)(2000).Earth materials teachers guide. Nashua, NH: Delta Education."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5408\/1089-9995-47.1.12","volume":"47","author":"Gosselin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Geoscience Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.10101","volume":"40","author":"Hand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB18","volume-title":"Some aspects of student understanding of rocks and minerals","author":"Happs","year":"1982","unstructured":"(1982).Some aspects of student understanding of rocks and minerals.University of Waikato:Science Education Research Unit Working Paper."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/0140528850070411","volume":"7","author":"Happs","year":"1985","journal-title":"European Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB20","first-page":"58","volume":"12","author":"Harwood","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of the Association of Teachers of Geology"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB21","volume-title":"The early growth of logic in the child","author":"Inhelder","year":"1964","unstructured":"&(1964).The early growth of logic in the child.New York:W.W. Norton and Co."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.10080","volume":"87","author":"Krnel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5408\/1089-9995-50.1.31","volume":"50","author":"Kusnick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Geoscience Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB24","volume-title":"Naturalistic Inquiry","author":"Lincoln","year":"1985","unstructured":"&(1985).Naturalistic Inquiry.London:Sage."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB25","volume-title":"Thinking and learning: Matching developmental stages with curriculum and instruction","author":"Lowery","year":"1989","unstructured":"(1989).Thinking and learning: Matching developmental stages with curriculum and instructionPacific Grove, CA:Midwest Publications."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB26","first-page":"4","volume":"1","author":"Lowery","year":"1993a","journal-title":"FOSS Newsletter"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB27","first-page":"6","volume":"4","author":"Lowery","year":"1993b","journal-title":"FOSS Newsletter"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB28","volume-title":"The biological basis of thinking and learning","author":"Lowery","year":"1998","unstructured":"(1998).The biological basis of thinking and learningBerkeley, CA:Lawrence Hall of Science."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543065002093","volume":"65","author":"Metz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543067001151","volume":"67","author":"Metz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci2202_3","volume":"22","author":"Metz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.3730740203","volume":"72","author":"Meyer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB33","volume-title":"National science education standards","year":"1996","unstructured":"National Research Council (NRC)(1996).National science education standardsWashington, DC:National Academy Press."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB34","volume-title":"Inquiry and the national science education standards","year":"2000","unstructured":"National Research Council(2000).Inquiry and the national science education standardsWashington, DC:National Academy Press."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.3660220905","volume":"22","author":"Norris","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.10066","volume":"87","author":"Norris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2736(199705)34:5<509::AID-TEA6>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"34","author":"Roth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/002202700182628","volume":"32","author":"Rudolph","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Curriculum Studies"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB39","volume-title":"Rocks, soil, and weather","author":"Russell","year":"1993","unstructured":"(1993).Rocks, soil, and weatherLiverpool: Liverpool University Press."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5408\/1089-9995-47.1.40","volume":"47","author":"Sautter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Geoscience Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0402_1","volume":"4","author":"Schauble","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB42","first-page":"197","volume":"43","author":"Schwab","year":"1962","journal-title":"The Educational Record"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB43","volume-title":"Science, curriculum and liberal education","author":"Schwab","year":"1978","unstructured":"(1978).Science, curriculum and liberal educationChicago, IL:University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0504_1","volume":"5","author":"Songer","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1080\/0950069980200805","volume":"20","author":"Trend","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2736(200102)38:2<191::AID-TEA1003>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"38","author":"Trend","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.5408\/0022-1368-39.4.325","volume":"39","author":"Westerback","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Geological Education"},{"key":"10.1002\/sce.20049-BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.3660220106","volume":"22","author":"Westerback","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"}],"container-title":["Science Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fsce.20049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/sce.20049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]],"date-time":"2021-07-04T15:12:54Z","timestamp":1625411574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/sce.20049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sce.20049","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8326","1098-237X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8326","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-237X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005]]}}}