{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:05:11Z","timestamp":1789639511542,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1355,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) can result from a variety of corneal disorders, including chemical and thermal burns, infections, and autoimmune diseases. The symptoms of LSCD may include irritation, epiphora, blepharospasms, photophobia, pain, and decreased vision. There are a number of treatment options, ranging from nonsurgical treatments for mild LSCD to various forms of surgery that involve different cell types cultured on various substrates. Ex vivo expansion of limbal epithelial cells (LEC) involves the culture of LEC harvested either from the patient, a living relative, or a cadaver on a substrate in the laboratory. Following the transfer of the cultured cell sheet onto the cornea of patients suffering from LSCD, a successful outcome can be expected in approximately three out of four patients. The phenotype of the cultured cells has proven to be a key predictor of success. The choice of culture substrate is known to affect the phenotype. Several studies have shown that amniotic membrane (AM) can be used as a substrate for expansion of LEC for subsequent transplantation in the treatment of LSCD. There is currently a debate over whether AM should be denuded (i.e., de-epithelialized) prior to LEC culture, or whether this substrate should remain intact. In addition, crosslinking of the AM has been used to increase the thermal and mechanical stability, optical transparency, and resistance to collagenase digestion of AM. In the present review, we discuss the rationale for using altered versus unaltered AM as a culture substrate for LEC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,24]],"date-time":"2018-03-24T03:51:44Z","timestamp":1521863504000},"page":"415-427","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Concise Review: Altered Versus Unaltered Amniotic Membrane as a Substrate for Limbal Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Tor Paaske","family":"Utheim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Norway"},{"name":"b Department of Ophthalmology Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Norway"},{"name":"c Department of Ophthalmology Stavanger University Hospital, Norway"},{"name":"d Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"g Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ygunn","family":"Aass Utheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e Department of Ophthalmology Oslo University Hospital, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Salvanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Ophthalmology Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Norway"},{"name":"g Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"h Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Oslo University Hospital, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schrader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"f Department of Ophthalmology University of D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Geerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"f Department of Ophthalmology University of D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amer","family":"Sehic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"g Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122706160623000_sct312302-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv199","article-title":"Adaptive evolution favoring KLK4 downregulation in East Asians","volume":"33","author":"Marques","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2021122706160623000_sct312302-bib-0002","first-page":"2437","article-title":"Artificial vaginal reconstruction with the help of amnios","author":"Burger","year":"1937","journal-title":"Zantralblatt Fur Gynakol"},{"key":"2021122706160623000_sct312302-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4134.517","article-title":"A new method of preventing adhesions. 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