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Na\u00efve analyses such as those based on the observed occurrence of the intercurrent events lead to biased results. Therefore, we propose principal quantile treatment effect estimators that can nonparametrically estimate the distribution of potential outcomes by principal score weighting without relying on the exclusion restriction assumption. Our simulation studies show that the proposed method works in situations where the median or quantiles may be regarded as the preferred population\u2010level summary over the mean. We illustrate our proposed method by using data from a randomized controlled trial conducted on patients with nonerosive reflux disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.10178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T08:25:05Z","timestamp":1724055905000},"page":"4635-4649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Principal quantile treatment effect estimation using principal scores"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4084-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kotaro","family":"Mizuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical &amp; Quantitative Sciences, Data Science Institute Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takamasa","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical &amp; 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