{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:05:51Z","timestamp":1784779551575,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"27","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preventing malaria during pregnancy is of critical importance, yet there are no approved malaria vaccines for pregnant women due to lack of efficacy results within this population. Conducting a randomized trial in pregnant women throughout the entire duration of pregnancy is impractical. Instead, a randomized trial was conducted among women of childbearing potential (WOCBP), and some participants became pregnant during the 2\u2010year study. We explore a statistical method for estimating vaccine effect within the target subpopulation\u2014women who can naturally become pregnant, namely, women who can become pregnant under a placebo condition\u2014within the causal inference framework. Two vaccine effect estimators are employed to effectively utilize baseline characteristics and account for the fact that certain baseline characteristics were only available from pregnant participants. The first estimator considers all participants but can only utilize baseline variables collected from the entire participant pool. In contrast, the second estimator, which includes only pregnant participants, utilizes all available baseline information. Both estimators are evaluated numerically through simulation studies and applied to the WOCBP trial to assess vaccine effect against pregnancy malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.10228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T03:29:46Z","timestamp":1728358186000},"page":"5193-5202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Causal Inference Over a Subpopulation: The Effect of Malaria Vaccine in Women During Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5496-0611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zonghui","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health  Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Follmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National 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