{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:48:15Z","timestamp":1792118895690,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM141076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM141076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>An important aspect of precision medicine focuses on characterizing diverse responses to treatment due to unique patient characteristics, also known as heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) or individualized treatment effects (ITE), and identifying beneficial subgroups with enhanced treatment effects. Estimating HTE with right\u2010censored data in observational studies remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a pseudo\u2010ITE\u2010based framework for analyzing HTE in survival data, which includes a group of meta\u2010learners for estimating HTE, a variable importance metric for identifying predictive variables to HTE, and a data\u2010adaptive procedure to select subgroups with enhanced treatment effects. We evaluate the finite sample performance of the framework under various observational study settings. Furthermore, we applied the proposed methods to analyze the treatment heterogeneity of a written asthma action plan (WAAP) on time\u2010to\u2010ED (Emergency Department) return due to asthma exacerbation using a large asthma electronic health records dataset with visit records expanded from pre\u2010 to post\u2010COVID\u201019 pandemic. We identified vulnerable subgroups of patients with poorer asthma outcomes but enhanced benefits from WAAP and characterized patient profiles. Our research provides valuable insights for healthcare providers on the strategic distribution of WAAP, particularly during disruptive public health crises, ultimately improving the management and control of pediatric asthma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.10333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T10:09:43Z","timestamp":1737713383000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluating Meta\u2010Learners to Analyze Treatment Heterogeneity in Survival Data: Application to Electronic Health Records of Pediatric Asthma Care in COVID\u201019 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3656-111X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Bo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong\u2010Hyeon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Forno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1352-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2023.104420"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003102670-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6339\/24\u2010JDS1119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxy028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9548"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkac001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2020.103474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"26740","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Curth A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"A.Alkhthlan \u201cThe Effects of an Asthma Action Plan and Asthma Self\u2010Efficacy on Asthma Control \u201dThesis Georgia State University 2021 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57709\/22513625."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900\u2010019\u201000653\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.5.535"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081\u20101206(10)61368\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"4765","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Lundberg S. 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