{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:12:20Z","timestamp":1790511140846,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]],"date-time":"2009-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The percentile\u2010finding experimental design known variously as \u2018forced\u2010choice fixed\u2010staircase\u2019, \u2018geometric up\u2010and\u2010down\u2019 or \u2018\n                    <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010in\u2010a\u2010row\u2019 (KR) was introduced by Wetherill four decades ago. To date, KR has been by far the most widely used up\u2010and\u2010down (U&amp;D) design for estimating non\u2010median percentiles; it is implemented most commonly in sensory studies. However, its statistical properties have not been fully documented, and the existence of a unique mode in its asymptotic treatment distribution has been recently disputed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Here we revisit the KR design and its basic properties. We find that KR does generate a unique stationary mode near its target percentile, and also displays better operational characteristics than two other U&amp;D designs that have been studied more extensively. Supporting proofs and numerical calculations are presented. A recent experimental example from anesthesiology serves to highlight some of the \u2018up\u2010and\u2010down\u2019 design family's properties and advantages. Copyright \u00a9 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,19]],"date-time":"2009-04-19T11:06:24Z","timestamp":1240139184000},"page":"1805-1820","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The\n                    <i>k<\/i>\n                    \u2010in\u2010a\u2010row up\u2010and\u2010down design, revisited"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Assaf P.","family":"Oron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1948.10483254"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016484709123756"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"AndersonT McCarthyP TukeyJ.\u2018Staircase\u2019 method of sensitivity testing. Naval Ordinance Report 65\u201046 Statistical Research Group Princeton University Princeton NJ U.S.A. 1946."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177706895"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/53.3-4.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"GezmuM.The geometric up\u2010and\u2010down design for allocating dosage levels. Ph.D. Thesis American University Washington DC U.S.A. 1996."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1336"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470861258.ch5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00016-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00340-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2618-5_36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/lnms\/1215451483"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2002.00171.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2004.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","unstructured":"OronAP. Up\u2010and\u2010down and the percentile\u2010finding problem. Ph.D. Thesis University of Washington Seattle Washington U.S.A. 2007. Available from:http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0808.3004."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1967.10500897"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2005.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531693"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2006.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","unstructured":"BhanankerSM TontisirinN OronAP MuangmanS SaipinL SouterMJ.Optimal ratio of thiopental\u2013propofol mixture to eliminate pain on injection of propofol. The American Society of Anesthesiologists Annual Meeting San Francisco 2007; Poster Session."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/lnms\/1215451484"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3758(98)00076-7","article-title":"Properties of frequency distributions induced by general \u2018up\u2010and\u2010down\u2019 methods for estimating quantiles","volume":"74","author":"Giovagnoli A","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","volume-title":"Random Materials and Processes","author":"Weiss GH","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoap\/1177005980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. R: A language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna Austria 2008; ISBN: ISB3\u2010900051\u201007\u20100. Available from:http:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","article-title":"Prevention of pain on injection with propofol: a quantitative systematic review","volume":"90","author":"Picard P","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199903000-00037"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","unstructured":"OronAP Summary letter to M. J. Souter MD. Statistical consulting Files (M. J. Souter Anesthesiology Autumn 2003). Center for Statistical Consulting Department of Statistics University of Washington Seattle WA U.S.A. 2004; available upon request from the department."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531628"}],"container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fsim.3590","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/sim.3590","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T15:07:22Z","timestamp":1699888042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/sim.3590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/sim.3590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.3590","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-6715","1097-0258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-6715","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0258","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]}}}