{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:54:12Z","timestamp":1788587652509,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,12]],"date-time":"2006-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1160611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6128,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent investigations conducted in Indonesia have identified an important role for adequate vitamin A nutriture in preventing mortality in young children. A randomized, community\u2010based trial of vitamin A supplementation in northern Sumatra demonstrated a 34 per cent reduction in mortality among pre\u2010school aged children who received twice yearly vitamin A supplementation. These results have stimulated renewed interest in vitamin A as a potentially important mediator of improved child survival. Cost and efficiency considerations are important in these types of trials but must be balanced with logistical constraints that are unique to these environments. A number of these issues are discussed and some general guidelines are proposed for such investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780090110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,25]],"date-time":"2007-04-25T14:51:34Z","timestamp":1177512694000},"page":"35-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cost and efficiency considerations in community\u2010based trials of vitamin A in developing countries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"James M.","family":"Tielsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Keith P.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Nutritional Blindness","author":"Sommer A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.04.070184.001151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90677-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.5.1090","article-title":"Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with preexisting mild vitamin A deficiency","volume":"40","author":"Sommer A.","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","volume-title":"Field Guide to the Detection and Control of Xerophthalmia","author":"Sommer A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","volume-title":"Vitamin A Supplements: A Guide to Their Use in the Treatment and Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency and Xerophthalmia","author":"WHO\/UNICEF\/IVACG Task Force","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91157-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2348061"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.6.1466"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.5.1257","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation and growth: a randomized community trial","volume":"48","author":"West K. P. Jun.","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Statement on vitamin A and mortality","volume":"8","author":"United Nations Administrative Coordinating Committee Subcommittee on Nutrition","year":"1986","journal-title":"Food and Nutrition Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Fall and rise of the anti\u2010infective vitamin","volume":"1","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(85)80125-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/030006058301100101","article-title":"Management of clinical trials in developing countries","volume":"11","author":"de Marr E. W. 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