{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:35:31Z","timestamp":1791977731183,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,12]],"date-time":"2006-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1160611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5916,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The National Heart Institute, now known as the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), initiated its first multicentre randomized clinical trials of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in 1951. The modern era of multicentre trials began, however, when the Coronary Drug Project was initiated in the 1960s. This trial and subsequent NHLBI trials stimulated a wide variety of research on clinical trial methodology. This paper reviews early methodologic developments in four areas. First, an organizational structure for multicentre clinical trials was developed and codified in the \u2018Greenberg Report\u2019 in 1967. Second, design considerations related to patient risk, non\u2010compliance, a lag in treatment effect, and changing risk were explored. The \u2018intention\u2010to\u2010treat\u2019; principle was implicit in these investigations. Thirdly, the concept of periodic review of accumulating data, recommended in the Greenberg report, stimulated research on methods for sequential analysis. Three statistical approaches were developed and investigation of their statistical properties continues today. These approaches are usually described as group sequential, stochastic curtailment, and Bayesian methods. Finally, comparison of treatments in longitudinal studies has been an increasing part of NHLBI research and methods have been developed for design and analysis of longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780090804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,26]],"date-time":"2007-04-26T05:45:00Z","timestamp":1177566300000},"page":"881-892","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Early methodological developments for clinical trials at the national heart, lung and blood institute"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Max","family":"Halperin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Demets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","article-title":"Cortisone, and Aspirin in the Treatment of Rheumatic Fever and the Prevention of Rheumatic Heart Disease","author":"Cooperative Clinical Trial of ACTH","year":"1960","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"691","article-title":"Evaluation of serum lipoproteins and cholesterol measurements as predictors of clinical complications of atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Technical Group and Committee on Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis","year":"1956","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The National Diet\u2010Heart Study Final Report","volume":"37","author":"Diet Heart Feasibility Study Research Group","year":"1968","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.47.3S1.I-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(88)90034-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2682711"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2282772"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500851"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500853"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1969.10501010","article-title":"An adaptive procedure for sequential clinical trials","volume":"64","author":"Cornfield J.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2528565"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(81)90041-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1974.10482967","article-title":"Early decision in a censored Wilcoxon two\u2010sample test for accumulating survival data","volume":"69","author":"Halperin M.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(82)90015-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"207","article-title":"Stochastically curtailed tests in long\u2010term clinical trials","author":"Lan K. 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