{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T20:31:11Z","timestamp":1764793871703,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"27","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]],"date-time":"2015-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":61,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01ES012458-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01ES012458-07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Planned interventions and\/or natural conditions often effect change on an ordinal categorical outcome (e.g., symptom severity). In such scenarios, it is sometimes desirable to assign <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic> scores to observed changes in status, typically giving higher weight to changes of greater magnitude. We define change indices for such data based upon a multinomial model for each row of a c \u00d7 c table, where the rows represent the baseline status categories. We distinguish an index designed to assess conditional changes within each baseline category from two others designed to capture overall change. One of these overall indices measures expected change across a target population. The other is scaled to capture the proportion of total possible change in the direction indicated by the data, so that it ranges from \u22121 (when all subjects finish in the least favorable category) to +1 (when all finish in the most favorable category). The conditional assessment of change can be informative regardless of how subjects are sampled into the baseline categories. In contrast, the overall indices become relevant when subjects are randomly sampled at baseline from the target population of interest, or when the investigator is able to make certain assumptions about the baseline status distribution in that population. We use a Dirichlet\u2010multinomial model to obtain Bayesian credible intervals for the conditional change index that exhibit favorable small\u2010sample frequentist properties. Simulation studies illustrate the methods, and we apply them to examples involving changes in ordinal responses for studies of sleep deprivation and activities of daily living. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]],"date-time":"2015-07-03T18:28:50Z","timestamp":1435948130000},"page":"3622-3636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Numeric score\u2010based conditional and overall change\u2010in\u2010status indices for ordered categorical data"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7883-6404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert H.","family":"Lyles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics The Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University  1518 Clifton Rd. N.E., Mailstop 1518\u2010002\u20103AA Atlanta 30322 GA U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence L.","family":"Kupper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill 27599\u20107420 NC U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiman X.","family":"Barnhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Duke University School of Medicine  Durham 27710 NC U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill 27599\u20107445 NC U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-5823.2001.tb00463.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470594001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447303300309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0288-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.121.3135.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19961015)15:19<2095::AID-SIM349>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"946","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Annual SAS User's Group International Conference","author":"Davis CS","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2527727"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531828"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"A technique for the measurement of attitudes","volume":"140","author":"Likert R","year":"1932","journal-title":"Archives of Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(96)00016-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0368-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19981230)17:24<2923::AID-SIM104>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0406-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2685469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213286"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimation of confidence intervals for multinomial proportions of sparse contingency tables using Bayesian methods","volume":"3","author":"Sangeetha U","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1975.tb19563.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638289609166023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080506"}],"container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fsim.6559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/sim.6559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T16:24:32Z","timestamp":1693671872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/sim.6559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"27","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/sim.6559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.6559","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-6715","1097-0258"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0277-6715"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1097-0258"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]]}}}