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Their definitions rely on the concept of outcomes under treatment with the mediator \u2018set\u2019 to its value without treatment. Typically, the mechanism through which the mediator is set to this value is left unspecified, and in many applications, it may be challenging to fix the mediator to particular values for each unit or patient. Moreover, how one sets the mediator may affect the distribution of the outcome. This article introduces \u2018organic\u2019 direct and indirect effects, which can be defined and estimated without relying on setting the mediator to specific values. Organic direct and indirect effects can be applied, for example, to estimate how much of the effect of some treatments for HIV\/AIDS on mother\u2010to\u2010child transmission of HIV infection is mediated by the effect of the treatment on the HIV viral load in the blood of the mother. 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