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Most AS cohorts use fixed biopsy schedules for all patients. However, the ideal test frequency remains unknown, and the routine use of such invasive tests burdens the patients. An emerging idea is to generate personalized biopsy schedules based on each patient's progression\u2010specific risk. To achieve that, we propose the interval\u2010censored cause\u2010specific joint model (ICJM), which models the impact of longitudinal biomarkers on cancer progression while considering the competing event of early treatment initiation. The underlying likelihood function incorporates the interval\u2010censoring of cancer progression, the competing risk of treatment, and the uncertainty about whether cancer progression occurred since the last biopsy in patients that are right\u2010censored or experience the competing event. The model can produce patient\u2010specific risk profiles up to a horizon time. If the risk exceeds a certain threshold, a biopsy is conducted. The optimal threshold can be chosen by balancing two indicators of the biopsy schedules: The expected number of biopsies and the expected delay in detection of cancer progression. A simulation study showed that our personalized schedules could considerably reduce the number of biopsies per patient by 41%\u201352% compared to the fixed schedules, though at the cost of a slightly longer detection delay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.70134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T07:49:27Z","timestamp":1748245767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Personalized Biopsy Schedules Using an Interval\u2010Censored Cause\u2010Specific Joint Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9823-2613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam  South Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam  South Holland the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9397-0900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Rizopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam  South Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam  South Holland the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eveline A. 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