{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:19:22Z","timestamp":1788175162914,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN\u20102021\u201003019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\u20102021\u201003019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRC\u20102018\u201000228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC\u20102018\u201000228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R33NS120240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33NS120240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES034021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES034021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA048764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA048764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020951","name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020951","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Causal variable selection in time\u2010varying treatment settings is challenging due to evolving confounding effects. Existing methods mainly focus on time\u2010fixed exposures and are not directly applicable to time\u2010varying scenarios. We propose a novel two\u2010step procedure for variable selection when modeling the treatment probability at each time point. We first introduce a novel approach to longitudinal confounder selection using a Longitudinal Outcome Adaptive LASSO (LOAL) that will data\u2010adaptively select covariates with theoretical justification of variance reduction of the estimator of the causal effect. We then propose an adaptive fused LASSO that can collapse treatment model parameters over time points with the goal of simplifying the models in order to improve the efficiency of the estimator while minimizing model misspecification bias compared with naive pooled logistic regression models. Our simulation studies highlight the need for and usefulness of the proposed approach in practice. We implemented our method on data from the Nicotine Dependence in Teens study to estimate the effect of the timing of alcohol initiation during adolescence on depressive symptoms in early adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.70316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T16:41:52Z","timestamp":1769100112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adaptive Sparsening and Smoothing of the Treatment Model for Longitudinal Causal Inference Using Outcome\u2010Adaptive LASSO and Marginal Fused LASSO"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8049-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireille E.","family":"Schnitzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de pharmacie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Quebec Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de m\u00e9decine sociale et pr\u00e9ventive Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0431-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de m\u00e9decine sociale et pr\u00e9ventive Universit\u00e9 Laval  Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec Universit\u00e9 Laval  Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de pharmacie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth  Hanover New Hampshire USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth  Hanover New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7240-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"O'Loughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de m\u00e9decine sociale et pr\u00e9ventive Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Pierre","family":"Sylvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de m\u00e9decine sociale et pr\u00e9ventive Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashkan","family":"Ertefaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology &amp; Informatics, Division of Biostatistics University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac136"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8340"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2005.00377.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/1557\u20104679.1370"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn164"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9782-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ectj.12097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijb\u20102015\u20100017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02664763.2021.1911966"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj149"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asq049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3200"},{"issue":"188","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficient Adjustment Sets for Population Average Causal Treatment Effect Estimation in Graphical Models","volume":"21","author":"Rotnitzky A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","unstructured":"D.Adenyo M. E.Schnitzer D.Berger J. R.Guertin B.Candas andD.Talbot \u201cLongitudinal Efficient Adjustment Sets for Time\u2010Varying Treatment Effect Estimation in Nonparametric Causal Graphical Models \u201d2024. arXiv Preprint arXiv:2410.01000."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8792"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2016.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a663cc"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13625"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2014-0035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2011.01731.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12203"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12679"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1182"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13135"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2021.1955691"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2017.1422737"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","unstructured":"H.H\u00f6fling H.Binder andM.Schumacher \u201cA Coordinate\u2010Wise Optimization Algorithm for the Fused Lasso \u201d2010. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1011.6409."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00490.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222\u2010014\u20109497\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","unstructured":"V.Viallon S.Lambert\u2010Lacroix H.H\u00f6fling andF.Picard \u201cAdaptive Generalized Fused\u2010 Lasso: Asymptotic Properties and Applications \u201d2013hal\u201000813281."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214506000000735"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2005.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2013-0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005285815569"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/14\u2010aoas727"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/11-AOS878"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resampling Fewer Than n Observations: Gains, Losses, and Remedies for Losses","volume":"7","author":"Bickel P. J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Statistica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176325770"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","first-page":"967","article-title":"On the Choice of m in the m out of n Bootstrap and Confidence Bounds for Extrema","volume":"18","author":"Bickel P. J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Statistica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu135"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0529-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00529-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466605050036"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/21-STS843"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijb\u20102012\u20100038"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13121"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","article-title":"Causal Mediation Analysis: Selection With Asymptotically Valid Inference","volume":"87","author":"Jones J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical Methodology"}],"container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/sim.70316","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/sim.70316","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/sim.70316","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:46:48Z","timestamp":1788173208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/sim.70316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/sim.70316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.70316","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-6715","1097-0258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-6715","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0258","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70316"}}