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Furthermore, it can lead to personalized medicine by tailoring treatments to individual patient characteristics. This paper introduces novel methodologies for assessing treatment effects using the individualized treatment effect as a basis. To estimate this effect, we use a doubly robust (DR) learner to infer a pseudo\u2010outcome that reflects the causal contrast. This pseudo\u2010outcome is then used to perform three objectives: (1) a global test for heterogeneity, (2) ranking covariates based on their influence on effect modification, and (3) providing estimates of the individualized treatment effect. We compare the DR\u2010learner with various alternatives and competing methods in a simulation study, and also use it to assess heterogeneity in a pooled analysis of five Phase III trials in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). By integrating these methods with the recently proposed Workflow to Assess Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Drug Development for Clinical Trial Sponsors (WATCH) workflow, we provide a robust framework for analyzing TEH, offering insights that enable more informed decision\u2010making in this challenging area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.70324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:15:27Z","timestamp":1764288927000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Using Individualized Treatment Effects to Assess Treatment Effect Heterogeneity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6582-7453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Sechidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Methodology and Data Science Novartis Pharma AG  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Novartis Institutes for Bio\u2010medical Research CO.  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Methodology and Data Science Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation  East Hanover New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Methodology and Data Science Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation  East Hanover New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8208-900X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asher","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6294-8185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Bornkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Methodology and Data Science Novartis Pharma AG  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19466315.2015.1059354"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-26328-6_16"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"2184","article-title":"Using Group Data to Treat Individuals: Understanding Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in the Age of Precision Medicine and Patient\u2010Centred Evidence","volume":"45","author":"Dahabreh I. 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