{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T12:06:19Z","timestamp":1779192379972,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8-9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Initially proposed for analyzing composite endpoints, the win odds have recently received increasing interest for the analysis of ordinal outcomes. When comparing an ordinal outcome between two groups, the win odds are the odds that a randomly selected subject from the first group has a better outcome than a randomly selected subject from the second group. As such, the win odds are an effect size that is closely related to the Mann\u2013Whitney U test. The win odds can be adjusted for covariates by the probabilistic index model. Here, we aim to extend this model for repeated measurements. We modify the estimation equations of the probabilistic index model to account for within\u2010subject correlation. Parameter estimation can be conveniently done via some data re\u2010structuring and the\n                    <jats:styled-content>R<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    package\n                    <jats:styled-content>geepack<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . We implement a sandwich\u2010type estimator to estimate the variance\u2010covariance matrix. Simulations show that the estimation of the win odds is consistent and the coverage of confidence intervals is close to nominal. We provide an application by reanalyzing a neurological trial for the treatment of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome (SID\u2010GBS trial). This extension establishes the win odds as a promising summary measure to compare longitudinal ordinal outcomes.\n                    <jats:styled-content>R<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    package\n                    <jats:styled-content>lwo<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    is available on GitHub for implementing the proposed method.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.70536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T02:40:51Z","timestamp":1775875251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal Extension of the Win Odds for Ordinal Repeated Measurements"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8871-152X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongxi","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Data Sciences Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bart C.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus Medical Center  Rotterdam the\u00a0Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Immunology Erasmus Medical Center  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewout W.","family":"Steyerberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5537-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik W.","family":"van Zwet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Data Sciences Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003693305700200504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2018.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10240"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164405278580"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1980.tb01109.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214146"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177730491"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470479216.corpsy0524"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2256"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8967"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.039614"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"441","article-title":"Use of the Win Ratio in Cardiovascular Trials","volume":"8","author":"Ferreira J. 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