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The method involves a novel use of Bayesian model averaging to balance between multiple possible relationships between the historical and new trial data, allowing the historical data to be dynamically trusted or discounted as appropriate. We require only trial\u2010level summary statistics, which are available more often than patient\u2010level data. Through simulations and an application to the rheumatoid arthritis trial we show that SPx can substantially reduce the control group size while maintaining Frequentist properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.70567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:34:51Z","timestamp":1777952091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamic Borrowing From Historical Controls via the Synthetic Prior With Covariates in Randomized Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3144-7919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics &amp; Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4712-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences The University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie  Lake Bluff Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.1589"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-1332-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"U. 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