{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:27:28Z","timestamp":1787502448167,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15-17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["827\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["827\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1286\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1286\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Comparing future antibiotic resistance levels resulting from different antibiotic treatments is challenging because some patients may survive only under one of the antibiotic treatments. We embed this problem within a semi\u2010competing risks approach to study the causal effect on resistant infection, treated as a nonterminal event time. We argue that existing principal stratification estimands for such problems exclude patients for whom a causal effect is well\u2010defined and is of clinical interest. Therefore, we present a new principal stratum, the infected\u2010or\u2010survivors (). The  is the subpopulation of patients who would have survived or been infected under both antibiotic treatments. This subpopulation is more inclusive than previously defined subpopulations. We target the causal effect among these patients, which we term the feasible\u2010infection causal effect (FICE). We develop large\u2010sample bounds under novel assumptions, and discuss the plausibility of these assumptions in our application. As an alternative, we derive FICE identification using two illness\u2010death models with a bivariate frailty random variable. These two models are connected by a cross\u2010world correlation parameter. Estimation is performed by an expectation\u2010maximization algorithm followed by a Monte Carlo procedure. We apply our methods to detailed clinical data obtained from a hospital setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.70650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:44:33Z","timestamp":1782402273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Causal Effects on Nonterminal Event Time With Application to Antibiotic Usage and Future Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Tamir","family":"Zehavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7594-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uri","family":"Obolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Chowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Meir Medical Center  Kfar Saba Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Nevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00876-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: Part 1: Causes and Threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola C. 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