{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:21:58Z","timestamp":1787505718575,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18-19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS\u20102515158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS\u20102515158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical trials are inherently complex and become more challenging when selecting one treatment from many while also evaluating the efficacy. In this paper, we develop a pragmatic design that balances sample efficiency and practicality through a two\u2010stage sequential approach. The first stage involves adaptive arm selection and early termination, while the second stage optimizes sample allocation. Inspired by the Kiefer\u2010Weiss problem, the proposed method provides an efficient solution to an optimization framework that minimizes a weighted sum of the expected number of patients, probability of selecting a bad arm, and the probability of a global Type II error subject to constraints on the Family\u2010Wise Error Rate and maximum sample size. The framework employs stochastic optimization to find the design parameters for the global minimum. We compare the performance against fixed and multi\u2010arm multi\u2010stage designs over a range of test conditions with varying error costs and treatment\u2010response models. Our method improves the cost and practicality of a clinical trial for medical treatments or pharmaceutical development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.70683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:15:17Z","timestamp":1785215717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pragmatic Two\u2010Stage Design for Clinical Trials With Treatment Selection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2318-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Horton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajun","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Global Public Health New York University  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177707037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration \u201cStep 3: Clinical Research \u2010 Drug Development Process 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