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However, there may be studies that compare them against another competitor (say, C). In this case, an indirect comparison of A versus B through C needs to be conducted. In this article, we consider the scenario where individual participant data (IPD) is available for the comparison of A versus C, but only aggregate\u2010level data (AgD), for example, from a publication, is available for the comparison of B versus C. For such analysis, multilevel network meta\u2010regression (ML\u2010NMR) is advantageous since it can combine evidence from multiple trials with either IPD or AgD and can compare the treatments of interest in any target population. Most of the existing ML\u2010NMR studies have focused on binary and continuous outcomes, while, relatively, research on censored survival outcomes remains limited with perhaps only one study modeling the marginal likelihood for AgD. Here, we aim to extend ML\u2010NMR for time\u2010to\u2010event outcomes. We consider multiple popular parametric survival models and develop Bayesian estimation approaches built on mean and median survival. Extensive simulations show satisfactory performance. We further consider a case study on early\u2010stage non\u2010small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) overall survival. Emulation analyses of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)\u2010Medicare data are conducted. It is found that limited resection (LR) with adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) prolongs survival compared to LR or lobectomy without ACT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.70728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:10:07Z","timestamp":1788415807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multilevel Network Meta\u2010Regression With a Survival Outcome and an Application to Non\u2010Small Cell Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Ruofan","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Yale School of Public Health  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huangdi","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servier Pharmaceuticals  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9814-8713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servier Pharmaceuticals  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sammi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astellas Pharma  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Yale School of Public Health  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9001-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuangge","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Yale School of Public Health  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S163478"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.5.530"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.140201"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1700"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2022-111928"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-022-01692-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1565"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2023.09.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201900297"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8759"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1616"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12579"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. 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