{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T06:41:42Z","timestamp":1787640102402,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["49038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["49038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Statistics in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most studies aiming to construct reference or standard charts use a cross\u2010sectional design, collecting one measurement per participant. Reference or standard charts can also be constructed using a longitudinal design, collecting multiple measurements per participant. The choice of appropriate statistical methodology is important as inaccurate centiles resulting from inferior methods can lead to incorrect judgements about fetal or newborn size, resulting in suboptimal clinical care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Reference or standard centiles should ideally provide the best fit to the data, change smoothly with age (eg, gestational age), use as simple a statistical model as possible without compromising model fit, and allow the computation of Z\u2010scores from centiles to simplify assessment of individuals and enable comparison with different populations. Significance testing and goodness\u2010of\u2010fit statistics are usually used to discriminate between models. However, these methods tend not to be useful when examining large data sets as very small differences are statistically significant even if the models are indistinguishable on actual centile plots. Choosing the best model from amongst many is therefore not trivial. Model choice should not be based on statistical considerations (or tests) alone as sometimes the best model may not necessarily offer the best fit to the raw data across gestational age. In this paper, we describe the most commonly applied methodologies available for the construction of age\u2010specific reference or standard centiles for cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal data: Fractional polynomial regression, LMS, LMST, LMSP, and multilevel regression methods. For illustration, we used data from the INTERGROWTH\u201021\n                    <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                    Project, ie, newborn weight (cross\u2010sectional) and fetal head circumference (longitudinal) data as examples.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T01:20:41Z","timestamp":1543454441000},"page":"3507-3526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Statistical methodology for constructing gestational age\u2010related charts using cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal data: The INTERGROWTH\u201021\n                    <sup>st<\/sup>\n                    project as a case study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3116-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric O.","family":"Ohuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Women's &amp; 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