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Traditionally such heterogeneity is modeled by either fixed effects (FE) or random effects (RE). In FE models, the degree of freedom for the heterogeneity equals the number of clusters\/subjects minus 1, which could result in less efficiency. In RE models, the heterogeneity across different clusters\/subjects is described by, for example, a random intercept with 1 parameter (for the variance of the random intercept), which could lead to oversimplification and biases (for the estimates of subject\u2010specific effects). Our \u201cfused effects\u201d model stands in between these two approaches: we assume that there are unknown number of distinct levels of heterogeneity, and use the fusion penalty approach for estimation and inference. We evaluate and compare the performance of our method to the FE and RE models by simulation studies. We apply our method to the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study to capture the heterogeneity in the progression rate of primary open\u2010angle glaucoma of left and right eyes of different subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:21:01Z","timestamp":1612138861000},"page":"1901-1916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Capturing heterogeneity in repeated measures data by fusion penalty"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Lili","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences Shandong University Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mae","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Washington University in St. Louis St.\u00a0Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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