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New estimators for the weights in the nonmonotone setting were introduced in 2018. These estimators are the unconstrained maximum likelihood estimator (UMLE) and the constrained Bayesian estimator (CBE), an alternative if UMLE fails to converge. In this work we describe and illustrate these estimators, and examine performance in simulation and in an applied example estimating the effect of anemia on spontaneous preterm birth in the Zambia Preterm Birth Prevention Study. We compare performance with multiple imputation (MI) and focus on the setting of an observational study where inverse probability of treatment weights are used to address confounding. In simulation, weighting was less statistically efficient at the smallest sample size and lowest exposure prevalence examined (n\u2009=\u20091500, 15% respectively) but in other scenarios statistical performance of weighting and MI was similar. Weighting had improved computational efficiency taking, on average, 0.4 and 0.05 times the time for MI in R and SAS, respectively. UMLE was easy to implement in commonly used software and convergence failure occurred just twice in &gt;200\u2009000 simulated cohorts making implementation of CBE unnecessary. In conclusion, weighting is an alternative to MI for nonmonotone missingness, though MI performed as well as or better in terms of bias and statistical efficiency. Weighting's superior computational efficiency may be preferred with large sample sizes or when using resampling algorithms. As validity of weighting and MI rely on correct specification of different models, both approaches could be implemented to check agreement of results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T01:02:41Z","timestamp":1690851761000},"page":"4282-4298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Accounting for nonmonotone missing data using inverse probability weighting"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2049-6918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael K.","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1741-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessie K.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Westreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie L.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.A.","family":"Stringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3182576cdb"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601907"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1740774504cn032oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102288\u201014\u2010118"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774517703319"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn071"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31823b6296"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa124"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv114"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654\u2010019\u201000553\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx348"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280210395740"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i189"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19970115)16:1<21::AID-SIM470>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280211403597"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2016.1256814"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx350"},{"issue":"25","key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Zambian preterm birth prevention study (ZAPPS): cohort characteristics at enrollment","volume":"2","author":"Castillo MC","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"issue":"1533","key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adverse birth outcomes and their clinical phenotypes in an urban Zambian cohort","volume":"3","author":"Price JT","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.492S"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002\u20109378(91)90626\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"March of Dimes PMNCH Save the Children World Health Organization. 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