{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T10:36:57Z","timestamp":1778582217227,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1062,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM109040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM109040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03HD094614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03HD094614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10NS086490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10NS086490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15SFDRN24480016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15SFDRN24480016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is reported to induce irritating skin sensations and occasional skin injuries, which limits the applied tDCS dose. Additionally, tDCS hardware safety profile prevents high current delivery when skin resistance is high.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To test if decreasing skin resistance can enable high-dose tDCS delivery without increasing tDCS-related skin sensations or device hardware limits.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We compared the effect of microdermabrasion and sonication on 2 mA direct current stimulation (DCS) through forearm skin for 2\u20133 min on 20 subjects. We also surveyed the subjects using a questionnaire throughout the procedure. We used a linear mixed-effects model for repeated-measures and multiple logistic regression, with adjustments for age, race, gender and visit.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microdermabrasion, with\/out sonication, led to significant decrease in skin resistance (1.6 \u00b1 0.1 k\u03a9 or ~32% decrease, p &amp;lt; 0.0001). The decrease with sonication alone (0.4 \u00b1 0.1 k\u03a9 or ~7% decrease, p = 0.0016) was comparable to that of sham (0.3 \u00b1 0.1 k\u03a9 or ~5% decrease, p = 0.0414). There was no increase in the skin\u2013electrode interface temperature. The perceived DCS-related sensations did not differ across skin preparation procedures (p &amp;gt; 0.16), but microdermabrasion (when not combined with sonication) led to increased perceived sensation (p &amp;lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microdermabrasion (with\/out sonication) resulted in reduced skin resistance without increase in perceived skin sensations with DCS. Higher current can be delivered with microdermabrasion-pre-treated skin without changing the device hardware while reducing, otherwise higher voltage required to deliver the same amount of current.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ski2.76","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T04:44:11Z","timestamp":1637037851000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Microdermabrasion Facilitates Direct Current Stimulation by Lowering Skin Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6436-8427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. Y.","family":"Chhatbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. S.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Brain Stimulation Laboratory, College of Medicine , Charleston, South Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Health Science & Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center , Charleston, South Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. A.","family":"Kautz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science & Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center , Charleston, South Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Health Science & Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010818074291500_ski276-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.06.004","article-title":"Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence based update 2016","volume":"9","author":"Bikson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain 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