{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:03:31Z","timestamp":1788951811822,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":976,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"X4 Pharmaceuticals"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Although the exact mechanisms have yet to be elucidated, it is clear that cellular immunity plays a role in clearance of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections as it relates to the development of warts. Patients with extensive, recalcitrant, or treatment-refractory warts may have an underlying immune system impairment at the root of HPV susceptibility. Early recognition of genetic disorders associated with immunologic defects that allow for recalcitrant HPV infection may expedite appropriate treatment for patients. Early recognition is often pivotal in preventing subsequent morbidity and\/or mortality that may arise from inborn errors of immunity, such as WHIM (Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, Myelokathexis) syndrome. Among these, cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies associated with HPV, can be fatal if not treated early, and is seen more frequently in patients with underlying immune deficiencies. A review of diseases with susceptibility to HPV provides clues to understanding the pathophysiology of warts. We also present diagnostic guidance to facilitate the recognition of inborn errors of immunity in patients with extensive and\/or recalcitrant HPV infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ski2.98","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T18:08:51Z","timestamp":1644430131000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Consideration of Underlying Immunodeficiency in Refractory or Recalcitrant Warts: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4886-4567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Zampella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.06.007","article-title":"Diseases associated with human papillomavirus infection","volume":"445","author":"Cubie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0002","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Luria","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphereDirect.00645-18","article-title":"Metagenomic discovery of 83 new human papillomavirus types in patients with immunodeficiency","volume":"3","author":"Pastrana","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001356","article-title":"Estimated prevalence and incidence of disease-associated HPV types among 15-59-year-olds in the United States","volume":"48","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm4020260","article-title":"HPV carcinomas in immunocompromised patients","volume":"4","author":"Reusser","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00355","article-title":"Mucosal and cutaneous human papillomavirus infections and cancer biology","volume":"9","author":"Gheit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers8100095","article-title":"Functional roles of E6 and E7 oncoproteins in HPV-induced malignancies at diverse anatomical sites","volume":"8","author":"Tomai\u0107","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0b013e31829e9fb4","article-title":"Multiple-type human papillomavirus (HPV) infections: a cross-sectional analysis of the prevalence of specific types in 309,000 women referred for HPV testing at the time of cervical cytology","volume":"23","author":"Dickson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3805-x","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus and subtype distribution in male partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Skoulakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1822","article-title":"Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association","volume":"25","author":"Doorbar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v9090261","article-title":"Mechanisms by which HPV induces a replication competent environment in differentiating keratinocytes","volume":"9","author":"Moody","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00682","article-title":"Papillomavirus immune evasion strategies target the infected cell and the local immune system","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0013","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Al Aboud","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04066.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts","volume":"144","author":"Sterling","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0015","volume-title":"Dermatologic disorders","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-020-0700-7","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of HPV-induced warts and healthy skin in humans","volume":"13","author":"Al-Eitan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Genom"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.02.021","article-title":"HPV type in plantar warts influences natural course and treatment response: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"57","author":"Bruggink","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.18203\/issn.2455-4529.IntJResDermatol20172208","article-title":"Common warts revisited: a clinical study","volume":"3","author":"Gopal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Res Derm"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2012.01509.x","article-title":"Management of ungual warts","volume":"25","author":"Herschthal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0020","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Leslie","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023897","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of HPV types in genital warts in Xi'an, China: a prospective study","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01003","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01003-18","article-title":"An emerging issue in oncogenic virology: the role of beta human papillomavirus types in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"93","author":"Rollison","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.54.165","article-title":"Mechanisms of UV-induced immunosuppression","volume":"54","author":"Schwarz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Keio J Med"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005664","article-title":"Role of ultraviolet radiation in papillomavirus-induced disease","volume":"12","author":"Uberoi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1086\/591095","article-title":"Age-specific prevalence, incidence, and duration of human papillomavirus infections in a cohort of 290 US men","volume":"198","author":"Giuliano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31027","article-title":"Immune evasion mechanisms of human papillomavirus: an update","volume":"142","author":"Steinbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.08.012","article-title":"Childhood atopic dermatitis and warts are associated with increased risk of infection: a US population-based study","volume":"133","author":"Silverberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2010.04.004","article-title":"Current understanding of the mechanism of HPV infection","volume":"118","author":"Schiller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.049","article-title":"Warts and all: human papillomavirus in primary immunodeficiencies","volume":"130","author":"Leiding","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1438.1995.05050366.x","article-title":"Lack of granzyme expression in T lymphocytes indicates poor cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation in human papillomavirus-associated cervical carcinomas","volume":"5","author":"Cromme","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0031","first-page":"45","article-title":"Cancer screening in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"33","author":"Bernatsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13590","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Chin-Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08110.x","article-title":"Second malignancies in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: possible association with human papilloma virus","volume":"149","author":"Flynn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39689","article-title":"Biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and risk of high-grade cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer in rheumatoid arthritis: a cohort study","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001765","article-title":"HIV-positive women have higher risk of human papilloma virus infection, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208263","article-title":"Do RA or TNF inhibitors increase the risk of cervical neoplasia or of recurrence of previous neoplasia? A nationwide study from Sweden","volume":"75","author":"Wadstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh331","article-title":"Factors associated with abnormal Pap results in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"43","author":"Bernatsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.06.001","article-title":"Dysregulation of innate and adaptive serum mediators precedes systemic lupus erythematosus classification and improves prognostic accuracy of autoantibodies","volume":"74","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2744(200002)27:2<97::AID-MC5>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotes human papillomavirus (HPV) E6\/E7 RNA expression and cyclin-dependent kinase activity in HPV-immortalized keratinocytes by a ras-dependent","volume":"27","author":"Gaiotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-020-02183-x","article-title":"Human genetic dissection of papillomavirus-driven diseases: new insight into their pathogenesis","volume":"139","author":"B\u00e9ziat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.004","article-title":"Humans with inherited T cell CD28 deficiency are susceptible to skin papillomaviruses but are otherwise healthy","volume":"184","author":"B\u00e9ziat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102715","article-title":"Treatment of relapsing HPV diseases by restored function of natural killer cells","volume":"385","author":"Lisco","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2016.59145","article-title":"The EVER genes \u2013 the genetic etiology of carcinogenesis in epidermodysplasia verruciformis and a possible role in non-epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients","volume":"33","author":"Kali\u0144ska-Bienias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0044","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Myers","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170308","article-title":"The human CIB1-EVER1-EVER2 complex governs keratinocyte-intrinsic immunity to \u03b2-papillomaviruses","volume":"15","author":"de Jong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23377","article-title":"Cutaneous human papillomavirus infection, the EVER2 gene and incidence of squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study","volume":"122","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.27","article-title":"EVER2 protein binds TRADD to promote TNF-\u03b1-induced apoptosis","volume":"4","author":"Gaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071311","article-title":"Regulation of cellular zinc balance as a potential mechanism of EVER-mediated protection against pathogenesis by cutaneous oncogenic human papillomaviruses","volume":"205","author":"Lazarczyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00033-08","article-title":"The EVER proteins as a natural barrier against papillomaviruses: a new insight into the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus infections","volume":"73","author":"Lazarczyk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-02-708552","article-title":"How I treat warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis syndrome","volume":"130","author":"Badolato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-06-2289","article-title":"WHIM syndromes with different genetic anomalies are accounted for by impaired CXCR4 desensitization to CXCL12","volume":"105","author":"Balabanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-395608","article-title":"WHIM syndrome caused by a single amino acid substitution in the carboxy-tail of chemokine receptor CXCR4","volume":"120","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-016-0276-3","article-title":"WHIM syndrome caused by Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia-associated mutation CXCR4 (L329fs)","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0b013e32831ac557","article-title":"WHIM syndrome: congenital immune deficiency disease","volume":"16","author":"Kawai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006039","article-title":"The CXCL12\/CXCR4 signaling pathway: a new susceptibility factor in human papillomavirus pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Meuris","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-419","article-title":"Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the upregulation of CXCR4 expression in gastric cancer induced by Helicobacter pylori","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-72005-0_5","article-title":"Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies: molecular basis, clinical findings, and therapeutic options","volume":"601","author":"Etzioni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2018.08.007","article-title":"An update on syndromes with a hyper-IgE phenotype","volume":"39","author":"Bergerson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0059","first-page":"3101","article-title":"Evaluation of serum IgE, TNF alpha at patients with genital warts, Iraq","volume":"14","author":"Radi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurasia J Biosci"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.02.010","article-title":"WILD syndrome is GATA2 deficiency: a novel deletion in the GATA2 gene","volume":"5","author":"Dorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.053","article-title":"Antibody deficiency in patients with ataxia telangiectasia is caused by disturbed B- and T-cell homeostasis and reduced immune repertoire diversity","volume":"131","author":"Driessen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.09.009","article-title":"Diagnostic interpretation of genetic studies in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases: a working group report of the Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Committee of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology","volume":"145","author":"Chinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-6-12","article-title":"The clinical utility of molecular diagnostic testing for primary immune deficiency disorders: a case based review","volume":"6","author":"Ameratunga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.08.016","article-title":"Practical approach to genetic testing for primary immunodeficiencies","volume":"123","author":"Chinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0065","first-page":"40","article-title":"Recalcitrant nongenital warts","volume":"40","author":"Leung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Austr Family Physician"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70268-3","article-title":"The natural history of condyloma in children","volume":"39","author":"Allen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12584","article-title":"Children with warts: a retrospective study in an outpatient setting","volume":"32","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.4.4.273","article-title":"An armamentarium of wart treatments","volume":"4","author":"Lipke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006866","article-title":"Defining the genetic susceptibility to cervical neoplasia--a genome-wide association study","volume":"13","author":"Leo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0070","first-page":"613","article-title":"Extragenital cutaneous warts - clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Abeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000331427","article-title":"Complete healing of a giant wart in a severely immune-compromised patient with HIV infection treated with acupuncture","volume":"3","author":"Ursini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Case Rep Dermatol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-10-3532","article-title":"Altered leukocyte response to CXCL12 in patients with warts hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Gulino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.04.057","article-title":"A quadrivalent HPV vaccine induces humoral and cellular immune responses in WHIM immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Handisurya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010971","article-title":"HPV vaccine against anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"365","author":"Palefsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.3802\/jgo.2018.29.e31","article-title":"Major clinical research advances in gynecologic cancer in 2017","volume":"29","author":"Suh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.07.070","article-title":"Intralesional versus intramuscular bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in the treatment of recalcitrant common warts","volume":"82","author":"Nofal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.04.067","article-title":"The human papillomavirus vaccine as a treatment for human papillomavirus-related dysplastic and neoplastic conditions: a literature review","volume":"82","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d3271","article-title":"Cryotherapy versus salicylic acid for the treatment of plantar warts (verrucae): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"342","author":"Cockayne","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.11.1121","article-title":"Efficacy of duct tape vs placebo in the treatment of verruca vulgaris (warts) in primary school children","volume":"160","author":"de Haen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.038075","article-title":"A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study of cryotherapy versus cryotherapy and podophyllotoxin cream as treatment for external anogenital warts","volume":"85","author":"Gilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0081","first-page":"647","article-title":"Cutaneous warts: an evidence-based approach to therapy","volume":"72","author":"Bacelieri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0082","first-page":"132","article-title":"Treatment of warts in pediatrics: a review","volume":"6","author":"Pope","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fam Med Dis Prev"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.190487","article-title":"Evolving role of immunotherapy in the treatment of refractory warts","volume":"7","author":"Thappa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-156","article-title":"Interferon for the treatment of genital warts: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025010818054653900_ski298-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612197","article-title":"Interleukin-12 and interleukin-23 blockade in leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1","volume":"376","author":"Moutsopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Skin Health and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ski2.98","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ski2.98","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/skinhd\/article-pdf\/2\/1\/ski2.98\/59726522\/skinhd_2_1_e98.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/skinhd\/article-pdf\/2\/1\/ski2.98\/59726522\/skinhd_2_1_e98.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T18:06:19Z","timestamp":1736359579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/skinhd\/article\/doi\/10.1002\/ski2.98\/7750111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ski2.98","relation":{},"ISSN":["2690-442X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2690-442X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"article-number":"ski2.98"}}