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A sample of 3475 respondents from eight different occupational groups (lawyers, physicians, nurses, teachers, church ministers, bus drivers, people working in advertising and people working in information technology) in Norway supplied data at two points in time with a 2\u2010year time interval. The advantages of longitudinal design were utilized, including testing of reversed causation and controlling for unmeasured third variables. In general, the results showed that the hypothesized normal causal relationship was superior to a reversed causation model. In other words, this study supported the assumption that work engagement is more likely to be the antecedent for symptoms of depression and anxiety than the outcome. In particular, the vigour facet of work engagement provides lower levels of depression and anxiety 2\u2009years later. However, additional analyses modelling unmeasured third variables indicate that unknown third variables may have created some spurious effects on the pattern of the observed relationship. Implications of the findings are discussed in the paper. Copyright \u00a9 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,19]],"date-time":"2012-01-19T01:05:29Z","timestamp":1326935129000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["A Longitudinal Study of the Relationship between Work Engagement and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Siw Tone","family":"Innstrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Health Promotion and Resources, Department of Social Work and Health Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen Melbye","family":"Langballe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health Division of Mental Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Falkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital  Aker Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370802393649"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.11.1247","article-title":"Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory","author":"Barlow D.H.","year":"2000","journal-title":"The American Psychologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.92.2.119","article-title":"Social\u2010environmental factors in unipolar depression: Comparisons of depressed patients and nondepressed controls","volume":"2","author":"Billings A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.3.402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral science","author":"Cohen J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"COM(2005).Green Paper 484 Improving the mental health of the population: Towards a strategy on mental health for the European Union.Brussels:European Communitieshttp:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/ph_determinants\/life_style\/mental\/green_paper\/mental_gp_en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Handbook of stress and burnout in health care","author":"Demerouti E.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/\/1015-5759.19.1.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-8791(03)00030-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"SCL\u201090\u2010R Symptom Checklist\u201090\u2010R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual","author":"Derogatis L.R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849209359"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0804_04"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/096317902167630"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370701466900"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.6.647"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.300"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264306291017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2005.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","author":"Hair J.R.J.F.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2008.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370802379432"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370500340728"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0115-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1464-0597.00062"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Handbook of organizational behavior. 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