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Our findings showed that bus drivers experienced a wide range of violence at work and the psychological consequences were devastating: Half of the participants met the diagnostic criteria for acute stress disorder within the first month following the index event. Majority of them experienced at least moderate levels of post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) problems over the 1\u2010year span. About 9.3% of participants showed a delayed onset of PTSD 6\u00a0months after. Furthermore, counter\u2010supportive behaviours and reexposure to violence played important roles in the maintenance of PTSD symptoms over time. Even though PTSD symptoms <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic> did not relate to bus driver's confidence in coping with aggressive passengers, the immediate post\u2010traumatic reaction\u2014symptoms of acute stress disorder\u2014showed a significant long\u2010term negative effect on bus drivers' confidence in dealing with aggressive passengers 12\u00a0months after. This study provided empirical evidence of the changing nature of PTSD symptoms over time among bus drivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]],"date-time":"2017-09-15T07:12:41Z","timestamp":1505459561000},"page":"253-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Dangers on the road:  A longitudinal examination of passenger\u2010initiated violence against bus drivers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6914-1432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biru","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research on Children and Families McGill University and Trauma Studies Centre, Institut universitaire en sant\u00e9 mentale de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al and Institut universitaire en sant\u00e9 mentale de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Guay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Criminology Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al and Trauma Studies Centre, Institut universitaire en sant\u00e9 mentale de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324834basp0602_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000228503.95503.e9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024478305142"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21635781.2014.891433"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021691"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01175.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163629"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.2.272"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20169"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7202\/032387ar"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002594"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.3.360","article-title":"Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of violent crime","volume":"156","author":"Brewin C. 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