{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T03:42:49Z","timestamp":1788579769339,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stress and Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined the relationship between job loss and mental health during the pandemic among a nationally representative sample of middle\u2010 and low\u2010income military veterans and civilians. Participants were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk in May\u2013June 2020. Our sample was comparable to the U.S. population with respect to key demographics (i.e., sex, race, ethnicity, and geographic region). More veterans were male (36.9% civilians vs. 74.1% veterans), and on average they were older than civilians (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>civilians<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a047.86 vs. <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>veterans<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a052.64). After controlling for sociodemographic factors, probable anxiety (adjusted odds ratio for veterans\u00a0=\u00a01.96, 95% [1.22\u20133.15]) was significantly associated with job loss among veterans, whereas among civilians, probable anxiety (adjusted odds ratio for civilians [AOR<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>]\u00a0=\u00a01.48, 95% [1.21\u20131.81]), probable COVID\u201019 era\u2010related stress (AOR<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a01.73, 95% [1.45\u20132.07]), and loneliness (AOR<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a01.09, 95% [1.04\u20131.13]) were associated with job loss. Results demonstrated that veteran sample's effect sizes were larger than civilian sample's effect sizes; however, our moderation analyses results revealed that veteran status did not moderate the relationships between mental health and job loss. The findings in this study support a relationship between job loss and poorer mental health, suggesting that increased mental health services may be important to address ongoing effects of the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T08:32:22Z","timestamp":1632126742000},"page":"410-416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Associations between mental health and job loss among middle\u2010 and low\u2010income veterans and civilians during the COVID\u201019 pandemic: An exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3945-6975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Umucu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology\u00a0&amp; Special Education Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Special Education and Counseling California State University  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Nay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology\u00a0&amp; Special Education Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Elbogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Duke University School of Medicine  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale University School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Employment, income, and unemployment insurance during the Covid\u201019 pandemic","author":"Acs G.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID\u201019: How much unemployment was caused by the shutdown in Germany?","volume":"28","author":"Bauer A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Economics Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.724"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.021204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4932.2007.00415.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.6.4.324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.17.050196.002313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-11-00388"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangopadhyaya A. \u00a0&Garrett A. B.(2020). Unemployment health insurance and the COVID\u201019 recession.https:\/\/www.urban.org\/research\/publication\/unemployment\u2010health\u2010insurance\u2010and\u2010covid\u201019\u2010recession","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3568489"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0730888408327131"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression\u2010based approach","author":"Hayes A. F.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.07.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00235"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2010.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30141-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(09)70864-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","volume-title":"Stress, appraisal, and coping","author":"Lazarus R. S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.1.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000253"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-144"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","volume-title":"The American veteran experience and the post\u20109\/11 generation: For many veterans, combat experiences strengthened them personally but also made the transition to civilian life difficult","author":"Parker K.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"Veterans and COVID\u201019: Projecting the economic, social and mental health needs of America's veterans","author":"Ramchand R.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23155"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.39.3.472"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2005.024257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1564-913X.2002.tb00229.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2016.1191582"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15332985.2016.1229714"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdy076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","article-title":"Mental health and psychosocial characteristics associated with COVID19 in US adults","author":"Tsai J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","article-title":"The potential impact of job automation on veterans in vocational rehabilitation programs","author":"Tsai J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30053-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JVR-201114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1987.tb00335.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-017-1697-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","volume-title":"The PTSD Checklist for DSM\u20135 (PCL\u20105)","author":"Weathers F.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.75.4.455"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Happiness and unemployment: A panel data analysis for Germany","volume":"41","author":"Winkelmann L.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Applied Economics Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-008-9097-2"}],"container-title":["Stress and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smi.3099","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smi.3099","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smi.3099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T09:25:38Z","timestamp":1692955538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smi.3099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smi.3099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.3099","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-3005","1532-2998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-3005","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}