{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:14:10Z","timestamp":1789154050203,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA034072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA034072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stress and Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some US military service members who have never been deployed experience negative emotions related to never having been deployed, and some work shows these non\u2010deployment emotions (NDE) are cross\u2010sectionally associated with hazardous drinking for male, but not female, US Army Reserve\/National Guard (USAR\/NG) soldiers. However, it is not known if these effects extend to drug use or persist longitudinally, which is the focus of the current study. We conducted a longitudinal residual change analysis of a subset of data (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0182 never\u2010deployed soldiers) from Operation: SAFETY, an ongoing survey\u2010based study of USAR\/NG soldiers recruited from units across New York State. Outcome measures included current tobacco use, non\u2010medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD), current cannabis use, and other current illicit drug use (excluding cannabis) at four time points over a 3\u2010year period. Results from bootstrapped residual change generalized estimating equation (GEE) models show that more negative NDE were longitudinally associated with a greater likelihood of current NMUPD among male, but not female, soldiers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). NDE were not longitudinally associated with current tobacco use, cannabis use, or other illicit drug use among male or female soldiers (<jats:italic>ps<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). NDE may contribute to ongoing NMUPD among male USAR\/NG soldiers who have never been deployed. Never\u2010deployed soldiers, especially those with negative emotions related to never having been deployed, should not be overlooked in military screening and intervention efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T21:34:51Z","timestamp":1651527291000},"page":"1045-1057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Drug use over time among never\u2010deployed US Army Reserve and National Guard soldiers: The longitudinal effects of non\u2010deployment emotions and sex"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5992-9007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Hoopsick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Community Health University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1658-1482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Lynn","family":"Homish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Health Behavior University at Buffalo The State University of New York  Buffalo NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7786-4083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Schuyler C.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Health Behavior University at Buffalo The State University of New York  Buffalo NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2601-3283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory G.","family":"Homish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Health Behavior University at Buffalo The State University of New York  Buffalo NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076\u20108998.10.2.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Publication manual of the American psychological association","author":"American Psychological Association","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903\u2010020\u201001022\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Health related behaviors survey: Comparing the active and reserve components","author":"Beckman R. 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