{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T11:35:03Z","timestamp":1775561703607,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stress and Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is a valuable biomarker for evaluating chronic stress in preschoolers. However, few studies have explored early life HCC and its associated factors. This prospective cohort study analysed the HCC in children aged 6\u201348\u00a0months and its associations with parental HCC as well as positive and negative parental mental health outcomes. We used data from the ongoing Longitudinal Examination Across Prenatal and Postpartum Health in Taiwan (LEAPP\u2010HIT) project, conducted in Taipei between 2020 and 2024. Hair samples were collected from both parents and children in 177 families (91 samples obtained during pregnancy and 86 during the postpartum period). The parents also completed self\u2010reported questionnaires. Multiple linear regression was conducted to analyse the data. We observed a significant positive correlation between parents' and preschoolers' HCC. Furthermore, maternal depression (adjusted beta coefficient [a\u03b2]\u00a0=\u00a00.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u00a0=\u00a00.02, 0.16) and perceived stress (a\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.15, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.02, 0.26) were positively associated with preschoolers' HCC. By contrast, higher maternal eudaimonia was associated with lower HCC in preschoolers (a\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.11, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.20, \u22120.01). For parents, maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress were independently associated with an increased HCC during the postnatal period, whereas maternal eudaimonia was negatively associated with HCC. Our results indicate that both mothers and fathers affect children's responses to stress. Assessment of cortisol stress hormone concentrations through hair samples can be a key means of detecting preschoolers' stress levels and enabling early intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T23:25:16Z","timestamp":1723937116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association between parental well\u2010being and preschooler stress measured as hair cortisol concentration: A prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Yun\u2010Shiang","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health College of Public Health Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5539-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling\u2010Chu","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health College of Public Health Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Nutrition Research Center Taipei Medical University Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3028-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian\u2010Pei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Mackay Memorial Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen\u2010Tzu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health College of Public Health Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5810-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen\u2010Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine College of Medical Science and Technology Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2673-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pairote","family":"Chakranon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health College of Public Health Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng\u2010Kien","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Taipei Medical University Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Yung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Mackay Memorial Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5389-3063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsing Jasmine","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health College of Public Health Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pilyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology College of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences University of Denver  Denver Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Ewha Womans University  Seoul South\u00a0Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2464-2537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health College of Public Health Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center of Health Equity College of Public Health Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104707"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390\u2010019\u20100691\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182817"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.08.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Perceived stress in a probability sample of the US in the social Psychology of health: Claremont symposium on applied social Psychology","author":"Cohen S.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104836"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20265"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000001287"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2019.1604667"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886\u2010019\u20101208\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v30i2.986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2017.1391210"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21482"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013\u20101178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3090197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105969"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21554"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v30i5.2894"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.02.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21394"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021963099005958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199801153380307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.17712.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.104383"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Physiological biomarkers of chronic stress: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Noushad S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","volume-title":"OECD guidelines on measuring subjective well\u2010being","author":"Organisation for Economic C.\u2010o.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.09.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00739"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201011852\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2017.1392507"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Association between maltreatment, hair cortisol concentration, positive parent\u2013child interaction, and psychosocial outcomes in Chinese preschool children","author":"Shan W.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00960624"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","article-title":"Manual for the state\u2010trait anxietry, inventory","author":"Spielberger C. D.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Consulting Psychologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2007.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220902899714"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab379"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105313508346"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613518352"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161804"}],"container-title":["Stress and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smi.3462","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T03:58:16Z","timestamp":1755057496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smi.3462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smi.3462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.3462","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-3005","1532-2998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-3005","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e3462"}}