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Stress is an important risk factor for both gut dysbiosis and depression. Despite evidence of altered gut microbiota composition in patients with depression, little is known about how stress and specific gut microbiota features interact to influence depressive symptoms in healthy individuals. This study examined 398 healthy adults (241 women) who provided stool samples and completed validated questionnaires on perceived stress (PSS) and depressive symptoms (CES\u2010D), with a focus on sex differences. In this sample, men and women were characterised by similar gut microbiota composition and diversity. Women reported higher PSS scores than men, whereas no differences were found in CES\u2010D scores. Using Bayesian analyses, results showed that perceived stress predicted depressive symptoms in both sexes. Notably, in women, the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Eubacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    moderated this relationship: higher perceived stress combined with lower\n                    <jats:italic>Eubacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance predicted more severe depressive symptoms. In contrast, no moderations by gut bacteria were found in men. The current results warrant further sex\u2010specific investigations of the interaction between stress and specific gut microbiota features in influencing depressive symptoms and suggest that the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Eubacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    might be a promising microbial biomarker associated with depressive symptoms, particularly in women under higher stress levels.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.70152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:17:07Z","timestamp":1771330627000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Severity of Depressive Symptoms by Perceived Stress and Gut Microbiota Composition: A Sex\u2010Stratified Bayesian Approach in a Non\u2010Clinical Sample"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Sylvia","family":"De Napoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stress Physiology Lab Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Moretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies National Research Council of Italy  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences eCampus University  Como Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Ravenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stress Physiology Lab Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Mancabelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Parma  Parma 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