{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:46:22Z","timestamp":1783525582787,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stress and Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Compared with non\u2010left\u2010behind children (NLBC), left\u2010behind children (LBC) face a higher risk of academic stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms due to separation from their parents; however, the heterogeneity of academic stress profiles and their relationships with the symptom network remain insufficiently explored. To address this gap, a cross\u2010sectional survey of 10,524 Chinese children compared LBC (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a02487) and NLBC. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was first conducted to identify academic stress subgroups among LBC. Subsequently, depression\u2010anxiety symptom networks were estimated using Ising and Gaussian graphical models (GGM), with edge weights derived from regularised logistic regression (Ising) and partial correlation (GGM). Simulated interventions were further evaluated via the NodeIdentifyR algorithm (NIRA). Overall, compared to NLBC, LBC exhibited higher levels of academic stress, depression, and anxiety (\n                    <jats:italic>ps<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001, Cliff's\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.076; Cohen's\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.067). LPA revealed three academic stress subgroups: moderate (31.44%), high (9.17%), and low (59.39%). The severity of depression and anxiety symptoms increased with the level of academic stress. The high stress subgroup displayed a sparse network with stronger edges (e.g.,\u00a0A1 \u2018Sudden Fear\u2019\u2010A4 \u2018Physical Symptoms\u2019, edge weight\u00a0=\u00a02.10) compared to moderate\u2010 and low\u2010academic stress subgroups. Core nodes with the strongest expected influence were A8 (\u2018Decision Hesitation\u2019, moderate subgroup), A2 (\u2018Worry\u2019, high subgroup), and D1\/D6 (\u2018Sadness\u2019 and \u2018Failure\u2019, low subgroup). Simulated interventions indicated that alleviating A8 \u2018Decision Hesitation\u2019 or A2 \u2018Worry\u2019 most effectively reduced symptom risk (16.66%\u201330.76%), whereas D8 \u2018Motor\u2019 and A7 \u2018Early Departure\u2019 were associated with maximal symptom aggravation. Taken together, by integrating LPA\u2010derived academic stress profiles with symptom network analysis, this study reveals distinct symptom associations across subgroups. In the high stress subgroup, symptom A2 (\u2018Worry\u2019) is a core intervention target; in the low stress subgroup, A7 (\u2018Early Departure\u2019) holds preventive potential. These findings underscore subgroup\u2010specific interventions tailored to individual stress profiles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.70172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:05:43Z","timestamp":1775196343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Heterogeneity of Academic Stress Profiles and Depression\u2010Anxiety Symptom Networks in Left\u2010Behind Children: A Latent Profile and Simulated Intervention Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Kuiliang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5770-3271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Psychology Section Logistics University of PAP  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Military Mental Health Services &amp; Research Center  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Vocational Institute of Safety &amp; Technology  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Chongqing University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Air Force Medical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingwei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Air Force Medical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Army Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mental Health QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengzhi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Army Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association.2013.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.5th ed.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association.2022. \u201cDSM\u20105\u2010TR Online Assessment Measures.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm\/educational\u2010resources\/assessment\u2010measures."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010022\u201014516\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079198"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20375"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010022\u201001838\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010023\u201002369\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.22087"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1108993"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010024\u201005783\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","unstructured":"Clark S. andB. O.Muth\u00e9n.2009.Relating Latent Class Analysis Results to Variables Not Included in the Analysis.https:\/\/www.statmodel.com\/download\/relatinglca.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.112.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002671"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034733"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874\u2010020\u201000958\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428\u2010017\u20100862\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000167"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2018.1454823"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41285\u2010018\u20100065\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(18)32558\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64744\/tjiss.2025.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617705892"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127\u2010016\u20101319\u2010z"},{"issue":"28","key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"An Analysis of the Communication Between Left\u2010Behind Children in China and Schools Under the Background of \u201cDouble Reduction\u201d","author":"Guan L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Curriculum"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001258"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113616"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","first-page":"390","article-title":"Analysis on Influences of Guardians on Behavior of Left\u2010Behind Children Aged 3 to 7 Years in Countryside","volume":"48","author":"Huang G.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1054\u2010139x(01)00333\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1095498"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1952.10483441"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01028"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00849"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2024.104152"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114863"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390\u2010025\u201003894\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169999"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21620555.2020.1776600"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2021.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.13005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510902751010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2017.1379379"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2022.2135089"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003\u2010066X.56.3.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428115621148"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/hpr.2022.115657"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010020\u201001255\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943\u2010025\u201002563\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00978"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.1999.1020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1221781"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155205"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05918"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23887\/jpbi.v10i3.59131"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2025.2515196"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/da\/6205475"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12904"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2011.01698.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Handbook of Methodological Approaches to Community\u2010Based Research: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods","author":"Williams G. A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo\u20102018\u2010000338"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12950"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16835\/j.cnki.1000\u20109817.2010.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010023\u201004587\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116315"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640251370514"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440251406089"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010025\u201007207\u20102"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Comparison Study of Mental Health State Among Migrant, Left\u2010at\u2010Home, and Normal Middle\u2010School Students","volume":"32","author":"Yuan L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Guangdong University of Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000\u20106729.2018.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1040214"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359\u2010025\u201002635\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010023\u201001864\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117339"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13342\/j.cnki.cjhp.2024.08.005"}],"container-title":["Stress and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smi.70172","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smi.70172","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smi.70172","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T10:19:24Z","timestamp":1777285164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smi.70172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smi.70172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.70172","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-3005","1532-2998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-3005","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70172"}}