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However, how childhood trauma and perceived stress exert a combined effect on the development of sleep problems in adolescence remains unclear. The present study investigated the heterogeneous developmental trajectories of sleep problems among adolescents, and whether childhood trauma and perceived stress sequentially or interactively affected the heterogeneous trajectories of sleep problems. Altogether 197 adolescents completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire at T1 (Nov. 2021), the Perceived Stress Scale at T2 (May 2023), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index at T1, T2, and T3 (May 2024). Results revealed three heterogeneous trajectories of sleep problems, including the low group, the high\u2010increasing group, and the moderate\u2010increasing group. In addition, higher perceived stress rather than childhood trauma independently predicted a greater likelihood of being in the high\u2010increasing group or moderate\u2010increasing group relative to the low group. Perceived stress mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and the heterogeneous trajectories of sleep problems. However, the interaction effect of childhood trauma and perceived stress on the heterogeneous trajectories of sleep problems was non\u2010significant. These findings suggest that childhood trauma and perceived stress sequentially rather than interactively affect the heterogeneous developmental trajectories of adolescent sleep problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.70213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:24:52Z","timestamp":1786364692000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Childhood Trauma, Perceived Stress, and Developmental Trajectories of Sleep Problems in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Yadi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavior Health, School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4043-6047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"L\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavior Health, School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010014\u20100248\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0145\u20102134(02)00541\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3332"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165\u20101781(89)90047\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826\u2010018\u20101261\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.08.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2018.1501628"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2023.2249557"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010021\u201011309\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2023.101516"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106065"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010025\u201021621\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787\u2010017\u20100952\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2018.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578\u2010023\u201001538\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104732"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0161956X.2016.1227186"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.50.3.571"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12684"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.603748"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","author":"Hair J. 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