{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:04:14Z","timestamp":1791230654391,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]],"date-time":"2008-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1229385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nanoparticles have been investigated as drug delivery vehicles, contrast agents, and multifunctional devices for patient care. Current nanoparticle\u2010based therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment are mainly based on delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to induce apoptosis or DNA\/siRNA to regulate oncogene expression. Here, a nanoparticle system that demonstrates an alternative approach to the treatment of cancers through the inhibition of cell invasion, while serving as a magnetic resonance and optical imaging contrast agent, is presented. The nanoparticle comprises an iron oxide nanoparticle core conjugated with an amine\u2010functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) silane and a small peptide, chlorotoxin (CTX), which enables the tumor cell\u2010specific binding of the nanoparticle. It is shown that the nanoparticle exhibits substantially enhanced cellular uptake and an invasion inhibition rate of \u223c98% compared to unbound CTX (\u223c45%). Significantly, the investigation from flow cytometry analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescent imaging reveals that the CTX\u2010enabled nanoparticles deactivated the membrane\u2010bound matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP\u20102) and induced increased internalization of lipid rafts that contain surface\u2010expressed MMP\u20102 and volume\u2010regulating ion channels through receptor\u2010mediated endocytosis, leading to enhanced prohibitory effects. Since upregulation and activity of MMP\u20102 have been observed in tumors of neuroectodermal origin, and in cancers of the breast, colon, skin, lung, prostate, ovaries, and a host of others, this nanoparticle system can be potentially used for non\u2010invasive diagnosis and treatment of a variety of cancer types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200800646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,18]],"date-time":"2008-12-18T13:13:14Z","timestamp":1229605994000},"page":"256-264","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["Inhibition of Tumor\u2010Cell Invasion with Chlorotoxin\u2010Bound Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Omid","family":"Veiseh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan W.","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Forrest M.","family":"Kievit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conroy","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry S. H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miqin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(02)00044-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.9.060906.152025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1101-1241"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/73219"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0422155"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1201-1141"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125949"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"278","volume":"4","author":"Wrensch M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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