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In particular, medical device failures, and thus human lives, are greatly impacted by infections, where the treatments required are further complicated by the tendency of pathogenic bacteria, such as <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, to produce antibiotic resistant biofilms. In this study, a panel of relevant antibiotics used clinically including penicillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and vancomycin are tested, and although antibiotics are effective against free\u2010floating planktonic <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, either no change in biofilm function is observed, or, more frequently, biofilm function is enhanced. As an alternative, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are synthesized through a two\u2010step process with dimercaptosuccinic acid as a chelator, followed by the conjugation of metals including iron, zinc, and silver; thus, the antibacterial properties of the metals are coupled to the superparamagnetic properties of SPION. SPION might be the ideal antibacterial treatment, with a superior ability to decrease multiple bacterial functions, target infections in a magnetic field, and had activity better than antibiotics or metal salts alone, as is required for the treatment of medical device infections for which no treatment exists today.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201200575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,6]],"date-time":"2012-07-06T12:28:47Z","timestamp":1341577727000},"page":"3016-3027","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPION) for the Treatment of Antibiotic\u2010Resistant Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Erik N.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim M.","family":"Kummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naside Gozde","family":"Durmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohana","family":"Leuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko M.","family":"Tarquinio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010226"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/591861"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_2_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900801600314","volume":"16","author":"Sharma D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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